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. 2021 Sep 29;11:19382. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-98987-6

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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SEM analysis and hardness test. (a) Cross-sectional image of the single cell indicating the porosity difference in the anode and cathode and electrolyte. The electrolyte is the densest part of the cell and is approximately 26 μm thick. (b) Cross-section of the electrolyte to observe the grain size and boundaries. (c) Schematic diagram of nanoindentation on the cathode and electrolyte surface. Due to the higher density, the electrolyte is the hardest part of the cell. (d) Comparison of the hardness of the cathode between two cells without mixing BCZYZn05 with BSCF (S1) and with mixing BCZYZn05 (40%) with. BSCF (60%) (S2). (e) Comparison of hardness between two electrolytes: Ba_0.9Sr_0.1Ce_0.5Zr_0.35Y_0.1Sm_0.05O_3−δ⁴⁰ (S1) and BCZYZn05 (S2).