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. 2021 Sep 29;7:75. doi: 10.1038/s41378-021-00302-w

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — a A camera image of the microneedle array applied to a mouse. b A camera image of a mouse’s skin on the abdomen after the application of the microneedle array biosensor. c A magnified image of the needle pores left on the mouse’s skin after the application of the microneedle array biosensor. d Current versus time curve of the biosensing device for detecting subcutaneous glucose in a normal mouse after being injected with glucose. Blood glucose was measured at the time indicated by the arrow by using a commercial blood glucose meter. e Blood glucose versus time curve for a normal mouse after being injected with glucose, measured by a commercial blood glucose meter. f Correlation between the subcutaneous glucose levels measured by the microneedle biosensing device and the blood glucose levels measured by a commercial glucose meter for a normal mouse after being injected with glucose. g Current versus time curve of the biosensing device for detecting subcutaneous glucose in a diabetic mouse after being injected with insulin. Blood glucose was measured at the time indicated by the arrow by using a commercial blood glucose meter. h Blood glucose versus time curve for a diabetic mouse after being injected with insulin, measured by a commercial blood glucose meter. i Correlation between the subcutaneous glucose levels measured by the microneedle biosensing device and the blood glucose levels measured by a commercial glucose meter for a diabetic mouse after being injected with insulin. j Seven-day monitoring of the subcutaneous glucose levels in a normal mouse by the microneedle biosensing device (blue), in comparison with a commercial blood glucose meter for blood glucose (red). k Seven-day monitoring of the subcutaneous glucose levels in a diabetic mouse by the microneedle biosensing device (blue), in comparison with a commercial blood glucose meter for blood glucose. l Clark error grid for the microneedle biosensing device. The x-axis represents the reference blood glucose values measured by a commercial blood glucose meter, and the y-axis displays the glucose values measured by the microneedle biosensing device (the data were from eight normal and eight diabetic mice)