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. 2021 Sep 16;12:725074. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.725074

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Copyright © 2021 Sang, Miller, Nelli and Giménez-Lirola.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Historical stages for the development of organoid cultures, as well as the status and perspective for application in viral diseases in humans and animals. Summaries are shown of organoid research and technological advent benchmark breakthroughs in order to facilitate cross-species modeling of epizootic and zoonotic viral infections post-prospective development. The involvement of human and animal species are diagrammed at the top along with the major temporal events summarized below. ASC, adult stem cells; COVID-19, novel coronavirus disease 2019; EGF, epidermal growth factor; Lgr5+, Leucine Rich Repeat Containing G Protein-Coupled Receptor 5; Noggin, NOG gene product; PSC, pluripotent stem cell; R-Spondin, Rspo1 gene product; Wnt, Wingless and Int- signaling pathway.