Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics Among Study Groups Stratified by the Level of Psychosocial Distress
| Level of psychosocial distress | p | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total (N = 7246) |
T1 (PWI-SF score < 14)(N = 2549) |
T2 (14 ≤ PWI-SF score < 22) (N = 2449) |
T3 (22 ≤ PWI-SF score) (N = 2248) |
||
| Psycho-social distress | |||||
| PWI-SF score | 17.3 ± 8.7 | 8.2 ± 3.9 | 17.3 ± 2.3 | 27.6 ± 4.6 | < 0.001 |
| Demographic data | |||||
| Age (years) | 52.3 ± 8.8 | 52.6 ± 8.7 | 51.7 ± 8.7 | 52.6 ± 9.1 | < 0.001 |
| Male (n (%)) | 3462 (47.8) | 1463 (57.4) | 1094 (44.7) | 905 (40.3) | < 0.001 |
| Residential area (n (%)) | 0.053 | ||||
| Urban | 3423 (47.2) | 1185 (46.5) | 1205 (49.2) | 1033 (46.0) | |
| Rural | 3823 (52.8) | 1364 (53.5) | 1244 (50.8) | 1215 (54.0) | |
| Education (n (%)) | < 0.001 | ||||
| High | 1001 (13.9) | 420 (16.6) | 356 (14.6) | 225 (10.1) | |
| Low | 6193 (86.1) | 2113 (83.4) | 2078 (85.4) | 2002 (89.9) | |
| Income (n (%)) | < 0.001 | ||||
| High | 138 (1.9) | 60 (2.4) | 50 (2.1) | 28 (1.3) | |
| Mid | 2391 (33.6) | 884 (35.3) | 852 (35.3) | 655 (29.7) | |
| Low | 4593 (64.5) | 1561 (62.3) | 1510 (62.6) | 1522 (69.0) | |
| Marital status (n (%)) | < 0.001 | ||||
| Married | 6553 (90.9) | 2338 (92.2) | 2219 (91.1) | 1994 (89.2) | |
| Single | 101 (1.4) | 39 (1.5) | 35 (1.4) | 27 (1.2) | |
| Divorced | 556 (7.7) | 159 (6.3) | 182 (7.5) | 215 (9.6) | |
| Smoking (n (%)) | < 0.001 | ||||
| Never | 4243 (59.2) | 1386 (55.1) | 1479 (61.0) | 1378 (62.0) | |
| Past | 1158 (16.2) | 494 (19.6) | 390 (16.1) | 274 (12.3) | |
| Current | 1763 (24.6) | 637 (25.3) | 557 (23.0) | 569 (25.6) | |
| Drinking (n (%)) | < 0.001 | ||||
| Never | 3333 (46.4) | 1080 (42.8) | 1166 (47.9) | 1087 (48.7) | |
| Past | 425 (5.9) | 183 (7.3) | 122 (5.0) | 120 (5.4) | |
| Current | 3429 (47.7) | 1261 (50.0) | 1145 (47.1) | 1023 (45.9) | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.61 ± 3.14 | 24.80 ± 3.06 | 24.60 ± 3.07 | 24.41 ± 3.28 | < 0.001 |
| Energy intake (kcal/day) | 1971.3 ± 723.0 | 2022.2 ± 733.4 | 1979.9 ± 750.5 | 1904.2 ± 673.9 | < 0.001 |
| Daily physical activity (MET·h) | 1455.4 ± 902.7 | 1484.1 ± 896.1 | 1460.9 ± 900.4 | 1416.9 ± 911.7 | 0.038 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 121.0 ± 18.7 | 121.9 ± 18.7 | 120.2 ± 18.2 | 120.8 ± 19.3 | 0.003 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 80.1 ± 12.0 | 80.7 ± 11.7 | 79.6 ± 12.0 | 79.8 ± 12.5 | 0.004 |
| Comorbidities (n (%)) | |||||
| Hypertension | 1,135 (15.7) | 379 (14.9) | 359 (14.7) | 397 (17.7) | 0.007 |
| Diabetes | 470 (6.5) | 148 (5.8) | 144 (5.9) | 178 (7.9) | 0.004 |
| Cerebrovascular accident | 81 (1.1) | 23 (0.9) | 24 (1.0) | 34 (1.5) | 0.097 |
| Laboratory parameters | |||||
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 92.1 ± 14.0 | 92.3 ± 14.0 | 92.2 ± 13.9 | 92.0 ± 14.0 | 0.740 |
| Proteinuria | 45 (0.6) | 16 (0.6) | 15 (0.6) | 14 (0.6) | 0.999 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 13.6 ± 1.6 | 13.8 ± 1.5 | 13.5 ± 1.6 | 13.5 ± 1.5 | < 0.001 |
| Albumin (g/dL) | 4.5 ± 0.3 | 4.5 ± 0.3 | 4.5 ± 0.3 | 4.5 ± 0.3 | 0.110 |
| BUN (mg/dL) | 13.9 ± 3.7 | 14.2 ± 3.7 | 13.9 ± 3.7 | 13.8 ± 3.7 | 0.001 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 190.8 ± 35.0 | 190.3 ± 34.3 | 190.7 ± 35.0 | 191.6 ± 35.6 | 0.450 |
| Total protein (mg/dL) | 7.3 ± 0.4 | 7.3 ± 0.4 | 7.3 ± 0.5 | 7.3 ± 0.4 | 0.440 |
| hsCRP (mg/L) | 0.14 [0.06–0.25] | 0.14 [0.07–0.25] | 0.14 [0.06–0.24] | 0.14 [0.06–0.25] | 0.150 |
PWI-SF, psychosocial well-being index short-form; BMI, body mass index; MET, metabolic equivalent; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; hsCRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein
Data are presented as mean ± SD, median [interquartile range], or n (%)