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. 2021 Sep 29;11:496. doi: 10.1038/s41398-021-01615-0

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — In rodents, exposure to alcohol-associated contextual stimuli (or an alcohol-paired environmental context) reliably elicits recovery of extinguished responding at a previously alcohol-paired lever without further alcohol availability. The conditioned effects of these stimuli are resistant to extinction in that recovery of alcohol-seeking does not diminish when these cues are presented repeatedly under non-reinforced conditions. In humans, presentation of visual or olfactory alcohol cues are used to induce craving. For drug-primed reinstatement, rodents who have previously undergone extinction training are exposed to a small dose of alcohol to measure the reinstatement of alcohol seeking. In humans, a small dose, or “priming” dose of alcohol is consumed to elicit craving and model “loss of control” over drinking.