Table 3.
Association between study medication exposure during pregnancy and the risk of LBW.
| Characteristics | LBW < 2500 g at birth | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes n = 11,875 | No n = 222,025 | Crude RR (95% CI) | Adjusted RR (95% CI) | |
| n (%) | ||||
| Study medication exposure during pregnancy | ||||
| DHEa | 13 (0.11) | 65 (0.03) | 3.25 (0.76–13.92) | 3.51 (0.83–14.84) |
| Triptansb | 43 (0.36) | 483 (0.22) | 1.46 (1.06–2.02) | 1.16 (0.83–1.61) |
| Other medication use during pregnancy | ||||
| NSAIDsc | 456 (3.84) | 6087 (2.74) | 1.31 (1.19–1.45) | 1.13 (1.03–1.25) |
| Opioidsd | 804 (6.77) | 11,656 (5.25) | 1.21 (1.12–1.31) | 1.04 (0.96–1.23) |
| Maternal age at the 1DGe—mean (SD) (years) | 28.16 ± 6.00 | 28.23 ± 5.57 | 1.00 (1.00–1.00) | 1.00 (1.00–1.01) |
| Adherent vs. welfare recipient | 8023 (67.56) | 172,402 (77.65) | 0.61 (0.59–0.64) | 0.68 (0.65–0.71) |
| Urban dweller | 9791 (82.45) | 182,815 (82.34) | 1.01 (0.96–1.06) | 0.95 (0.90–1.00) |
| Migraine diagnosis during pregnancy | 327 (2.75) | 5085 (2.29) | 1.18 (1.05–1.32) | 1.05 (0.94–1.18) |
| Maternal comorbidities in the year prior to 1DGf | ||||
| Hypertension | 526 (4.43) | 5469 (2.46) | 1.70 (1.55–1.88) | 1.51 (1.37–1.67) |
| Diabetes | 336 (2.83) | 4,972 (2.24) | 1.26 (1.12–1.41) | 1.04 (0.93–1.17) |
| Asthma | 1882 (15.85) | 26,439 (11.91) | 1.35 (1.28–1.42) | 1.15 (1.09–1.22) |
| Thyroid disorders | 541 (4.56) | 9843 (4.43) | 1.02 (0.94–1.12) | 0.96 (0.88–1.05) |
| Diagnosis of dependence to | ||||
| Tobacco | 869 (7.32) | 6,514 (2.93) | 2.48 (2.29–2.67) | 2.09 (1.92–2.26) |
| Alcohol | 124 (1.04) | 805 (0.36) | 2.77 (2.28–3.36) | 1.23 (1.00–1.53) |
| Other drugs | 348 (2.93) | 2046 (0.92) | 3.02 (2.68–3.41) | 2.03 (1.78–2.31) |
| In the year prior to the 1DG | ||||
| Emergency visit or hospitalization | 4455 (37.52) | 75,101 (33.83) | 1.15 (1.11–1.20) | 0.99 (0.95–1.04) |
| General practitioner visits | ||||
| 0 | 2336 (19.67) | 47,110 (21.22) | Ref | Ref |
| 1–3 | 4170 (35.12) | 84,345 (37.99) | 0.99 (0.95–1.05) | 0.97 (0.92–1.03) |
| 4 or more | 5369 (45.21) | 90,570 (40.79) | 1.17 (1.11–1.23) | 1.02 (0.97–1.08) |
| Specialist visits | ||||
| 0 | 4370 (36.80) | 87,407 (39.37) | Ref | Ref |
| 1–2 | 2765 (23.28) | 55,467 (24.98) | 0.99 (0.95–1.04) | 0.94 (0.89–0.99) |
| 3 or more | 4740 (39.92) | 79,151 (35.65) | 1.18 (1.13–.23) | 1.01 (0.96–1.06) |
| Other prescribed medicationsg | ||||
| 0 | 3271 (27.55) | 70,376 (31.70) | Ref | Ref |
| 1–2 | 4192 (35.30) | 82,906 (37.34) | 1.08 (1.04–1.14) | 1.04 (1.00–1.10) |
| 3 or more | 4412 (37.15) | 68,743 (30.96) | 1.35 (1.29–1.41) | 1.12 (1.06–1.19) |
| Pregnancy follow–up by obstetrician | 7428 (62.55) | 126,342 (56.90) | 1.27 (1.22–1.32) | 1.29 (1.24–1.34) |
| Pregnancy in the year prior the 1DG | 1141 (9.61) | 18,969 (8.54) | 1.12 (1.05–1.20) | 1.04 (0.97–1.11) |
| High dose folic acid consumption before the end of the 1st trimester | 610 (5.14) | 8168 (3.68) | 1.41 (1.29–1.53) | 1.27 (1.16–1.39) |
aDihydroergotamine; bIncluding almotriptan, eletriptan, naratriptan, rizatriptan, sumatriptan, and zolmitriptan; cIncluding celecoxib, diclofenac, diflunisal, etodolac, fenoprophen, fentanyl, flurbiprofene, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, ibuprofen, indomethacin, ketoprofen, mefenamic acid, meloxicam, nabumetone, naproxen, piroxicam, rofecoxib, sulindac, tiaprofenic acid, tolmetin, and valdecoxib; dIncluding codeine, meperidine, morphine, oxaprozin, oxycodone, oxymorphone, pentazocine, tapentadol, propoxyphen, and tramadol.
Note: Pregnant women can use more than 1 study medication during pregnancy.
eFirst day of gestation defined as the first day of the last menstrual period; fComorbidities were assessed in the year prior to the 1DG using ICD-9 and ICD-10 diagnosis codes and prescribed medications; gOther prescribed medications than the study medications and the medications used for the identification of the comorbidities.