Table 1.
Scale development.
| Construct | Measurement items | References |
|---|---|---|
| Perceived susceptibility (PSS) | Strongly disagree (1)/Strongly agree (5) | Yuen et al. (7) |
| PSS1. My chance of contracting COVID-19 is low if I use livestream shopping technology. | Huang et al. (31) | |
| PSS2. Because of my physical health, I am more likely to be infected by COVID-19 if I use offline shopping. | ||
| PSS3. I most likely will suffer COVID-19 if I use offline shopping. | ||
| PSS4. I worry a lot about contracting COVID-19 if I use offline shopping. | ||
| Perceived severity (PSV) | Strongly disagree (1)/Strongly agree (5) | Huang et al. (31) |
| PSV1. The thought of contracting COVID-19 scares me. | Wang et al. (28) | |
| PSV2. If I had COVID-19, then my career would be endangered. | ||
| PSV3. My financial security would be endangered if I had COVID-19. | ||
| PSV4. If I had COVID-19, my entire life would change. | ||
| Perceived benefits (PBF) | Strongly disagree (1)/Strongly agree (5) | Zhao and Bacao (8) |
| PBF1. I experience convenience when using livestream shopping during the COVID-19 pandemic. | Park et al. (57) | |
| PBF2. I feel that using livestream shopping is safer than traditional shopping during the COVID-19 pandemic. | ||
| PBF3. Using livestream shopping would be entertaining during the COVID-19 pandemic. | ||
| PBF4. I feel that using livestream shopping is a beneficial shopping method for people to buy products during the COVID-19 pandemic. | ||
| Perceived barriers (PBR) | Strongly disagree (1)/Strongly agree (5) | |
| PBR1. To use livestream shopping, I must give up quite a bit of comfort compared to offline shopping. | Huang et al. (31) | |
| PBR2. Livestream shopping lacks services and experience | Zhao and An (24) | |
| PBR3. I don't know how to use livestream shopping to buy products. | Jensen et al. (58) | |
| PBR4. I think using livestream shopping is a hassle compared to offline shopping. | Wang et al. (59) | |
| Trust (TRU) | Strongly disagree (1) / Strongly agree (5) | Zhao and Bacao (8) |
| TRU1. I believe livestream shopping technology is competent and effective in meeting my shopping needs during the COVID-19 pandemic. | ||
| TRU2. I believe livestream shopping platforms keep customers' interests in mind during the COVID-19 pandemic. | ||
| TRU3. I believe livestream shopping platforms are trustworthy during the COVID-19 pandemic. | ||
| TRU4. I believe livestream shopping platforms are honest during the COVID-19 pandemic. | ||
| Attitude (ATT) | Strongly disagree (1) / Strongly agree (5) | Chatzisarantis et al. (60) |
| ATT1. I think livestream shopping technology is useful during the COVID-19 pandemic. | ||
| ATT2. I think using livestream shopping technology is enjoyable during the COVID-19 pandemic. | ||
| ATT3. I think using livestream shopping technology is interesting during the COVID-19 pandemic. | ||
| ATT4. I think using livestream shopping technology is beneficial during the COVID-19 pandemic. | ||
| Behavioral intention (BEH) | Strongly disagree (1)/Strongly agree (5) | Ma (2) |
| BEH1. I plan to use livestream shopping frequently in the future. | Yuen et al. (7) | |
| BEH2. My intention is to use livestream shopping when I buy a product next time. | ||
| BEH3. Livestream shopping will be my preferred mode of shopping in the future | ||
| BEH4. I would recommend livestream shopping to friends. |