Table 1.
Characteristics of the studies included in the meta-analysis.
| MDD group | Control group | ||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. | First author | Reference | Publication year | Study location | Survey time | Mean age (years) | Total (n) | Diagnose | MDD (n) | Diagnose | Control (n) | Study design | Men (%) | Source of patients | Type of suicidality | Timeframe of suicidality | Quality assessment |
| 1 | Li | (17) | 1996 | China | 1988–1994 | 35.2 | 52 | CCMD-2 | 30 | Neurosis | 22 | Case–Control | 44.2 | Inpatients | SA | NA | 4 |
| 2 | Li | (20) | 2006 | China | NA | 49.93 | 5,802 | DSM-IV | 198 | Non-MDD | 5,584 | Cross-Sectional | 48.3 | Mixed | SA | Lifetime, last time | 6 |
| 3 | Soderholm | (21) | 2020 | Finland | NA | 30.8 | 81 | DSM-IV | 50 | BPD | 31 | Cohort | 35.8 | Outpatient | SA, SI, SB | Lifetime, recent | 6 |
| 4 | Salloum | (19) | 1995 | USA | NA | NA | 3,175 | DSM-III | 2,421 | AUD | 754 | Cross-Sectional | 40.1 | Mixed | SA | NA | 4 |
| 5 | Choi | (22) | 2019 | Korea | 2006−2007 | 44.5 | 12,324 | DSM-IV | 753 | Non-MDD | 11,571 | Cross-Sectional | 39.2 | Mixed | SA, SP, SI | Lifetime | 7 |
| 6 | Moffitt | (18) | 2007 | New Zealand | NA | NA | 425 | DSM-IV | 212 | Non-MDD | 213 | Retro- spective |
48.7 | Community | SA | NA | 6 |
| 7 | Holmstrand | (23) | 2008 | Sweden | NA | 43.4 | 116 | DSM-III | 81 | Dysthymia | 35 | Cross-Sectional | 36.2 | Mixed | SA, CS | Lifetime | 4 |
| 8 | Chen | (24) | 1996 | USA | NA | NA | 6,498 | DSM-III | 801 | Non-MDD | 5,697 | Cross-Sectional | 43.5 | NA | SA | Lifetime | 4 |
| 9 | Li | (25) | 2017 | China | 2016.3–2016.6 | 38.1 | 5,189 | DSM-IV | 190 | Non-MDD | 4,999 | Cross-Sectional | 33.8 | Outpatient | SI | Past month | 6 |
| 10 | Goldney | (26) | 2002 | Australia | NA | NA | 3,010 | DSM-IV | 205 | Non-MDD | 2,805 | Cross-Sectional | NA | Mixed | SI | Last 2 weeks | 4 |
| 11 | Sagud | (27) | 2020 | Croatia | NA | NA | 371 | DSM-IV | 178 | Non- psychiatric |
193 | Cross-Sectional | 32.9 | NA | SA | Lifetime | 4 |
| 12 | Ma | (28) | 2009 | China | 2003.4 | NA | 4,767 | CIDI | 153 | Non-MDD | 4,614 | Cross-Sectional | 45.9 | NA | SA | Lifetime | 6 |
| 13 | Bronisch | (16) | 1994 | Germany | 1974–1982 | NA | 360 | DSM-III | 54 | Non-MDD | 316 | Cohort | NA | Inpatients | SA | NA | 5 |
| 14 | Areen | (29) | 2021 | USA | 2018 | NA | 42,551 | DSM-5 | 6,999 | Non-MDD | 35,552 | Cross-Sectional | NA | Community | SA, SI | Past 1 year | 7 |
| 15 | Axelsson | (30) | 1992 | Sweden | NA | NA | 47 | DSM-III | 33 | Paranoid disorder | 14 | Cross-Sectional | 1 | Mixed | CS | Lifetime | 3 |
MDD, major depressive disorder; BPD, borderline personality disorder; DSM, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; CIDI, Composite Interview Diagnostic Instrument; AUD, alcohol use disorder; NA, not available; CCMD-2, Chinese Classification of Mental Disorders.