Table 2.

Association between visit-to-visit FG variability and cardiac structure and function at year 25 (the CARDIA Study).

	SD FG (per 1 SD increased)		CV FG (per 1 SD increased)		ARV FG (per 1 SD increased)
	Unadjusted β (SE)	Adjusted β (SE)	Unadjusted β (SE)	Adjusted β (SE)	Unadjusted β (SE)	Adjusted β (SE)
Cardiac structure
LVMI	2.982 (0.410)	0.911 (0.689)	2.754 (0.411)	0.445 (0.570)	3.070 (0.410)	1.240 (0.618)*
RWT	0.005 (0.002)	−0.002 (0.003)	0.005 (0.002)	−0.002 (0.002)	0.005 (0.002)	−0.002 (0.003)
Systolic function
LVEF	−0.318 (0.154)	−0.353 (0.283)	−0.262 (0.154)	−0.156 (0.234)	−0.288 (0.154)	−0.276 (0.253)
GLS	0.449(0.047)	0.104 (0.080)	0.430 (0.047)	0.038 (0.066)	0.415 (0.047)	0.083 (0.072)
Diastolic function
e'	−0.402 (0.046)	−0.214 (0.080)†	−0.401 (0.046)	−0.141 (0.066)*	−0.365 (0.046)	−0.127 (0.072)
E/e'	0.430 (0.054)	0.307 (0.094)†	0.432 (0.054)	0.204 (0.078)†	0.395 (0.054)	0.178 (0.085)*

FG, fasting glucose; SD, standard deviation; CV, coefficient of variation; ARV, average real variability of mean FG; LVMI, LV mass index; RWT, Relative wall thickness; LVEF, left-ventricular ejection fraction; GLS, global longitudinal strain; e', early peak diastolic mitral annular velocity; E/e', mitral inflow velocity to early diastolic mitral annular velocity.

Models were adjusted for year 25 covariates: age, sex, race, level of education, body mass index, smoking status, drinking status, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, total cholesterol level, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level, antihypertensive, antidiabetic and lipid-lowing medication use (year 0–25), and weighted mean fasting glucose.

^*P < 0.05.

^†P < 0.01.