Figure 1.

Plants respond to salt stress by triggering different regulatory mechanisms and assist the plants for their survival. The Na⁺ and Cl⁻ bring particular downstream responses, but the plant sensing systems are not yet fully understood. The mechanism could start with the early sensing of Na⁺ import intracellularly or extracellularly. This early sensing induces the different osmotic and regulatory pathways including protein kinase activity, reactive oxygen species (ROS), pH balance, H⁺ transport, and Ca²⁺ and K⁺ signaling. These early sensing mechanisms reduce the Na⁺ import and initiate the downstream signaling pathways to activate the transcriptional machinery which may increase or decrease the expression of certain stress-responsive genes. It also causes significant difference in the concentration, synthesis, and transport of unique hormones and metabolites. Finally, the adaptive response aids the plant cells to bypass the salinity stress by modulation of growth and metabolism. Each step of salt inducive mechanism plays a vital role in providing the salinity tolerance and survival to the plant.