TABLE 1.

Production of 5AVA and δ-valerolactam in microbes.

Host strain	Strategy	5AVA titer (g/L)	Yield (g/g)	δ-Valerolactam (g/L)	Yield (g/g)	Substrate/feedstock	References
E. coli	Enzymatic catalysis	63.20	0.62	—	—	L-lysine	Li et al. (2016)
C. glutamicum	Fermentation	0.26	0.007	—	—	Rice straw hydrolysate	Sasikumar et al. (2021)
C. glutamicum	Fermentation	5.10	0.13	—	—	Glucose and alternative carbon sources	Jorge et al. (2017)
C. glutamicum	Fermentation	3.70	0.09	—	—	Glucose	Haupka et al. (2020)
C. glutamicum	Fed-batch fermentation	33.10	0.10	—	—	Glucose	Shin et al. (2016)
C. glutamicum	Fed-batch fermentation	12.51	0.10	—	—	Miscanthus hydrolysate	Joo et al. (2017)
E. coli	Whole-cell biotransformation	240.70	0.70	—	—	L-lysine	Wang et al. (2016)
E. coli	Whole-cell biotransformation	29.12	0.44	—	—	L-lysine HCl	Cheng et al. (2018b)
E. coli	Whole-cell biotransformation	52.24	0.38	—	—	L-lysine HCl	Cheng et al. (2021b)
E. coli	Whole-cell biotransformation	—	—	0.24	0.06	L-lysine	Xu et al. (2020)
E. coli	Whole-cell biotransformation	10.24	0.26	6.88	0.17	L-lysine HCl	This study