. 2021 Sep 16;12:637783. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2021.637783

Table 2.

Impacts of nano-silicon dioxide (nano-SiO₂) foliar application on the net photosynthetic rate (Pn, μmol CO₂ m⁻² s⁻¹), transpiration rate (Tr, μmol CO₂ m⁻² s⁻¹), stomatal conductance (gs, μmol CO₂ m⁻² s⁻¹), relative water content (RWC, %), membrane stability index (MSI, %), nitrogen (N, %), phosphorus (P, %), potassium (K, %), and calcium (Ca, %) contents of faba bean (Vicia faba) grown under well-watered and drought-stressed conditions over two growing seasons (2019 and 2020).

Studied factor		Pn	Tr	gs	RWC	MSI	N	P	K	Ca
Irrigation
	Well-watered	12.23^a	7.05^a	0.54^a	77.01^a	60.94^a	2.37^a	0.35^a	2.25^a	2.30^a
	Droughted	8.44^b	4.41^b	0.34^b	59.72^b	35.40^b	1.62^b	0.18^b	1.28^b	1.32^b
Foliar
	Control (tap water)	9.44^d	5.42^d	0.41^d	66.19^d	45.58^d	1.72^d	0.20^d	1.62^d	1.69^d
	0.5 mM nano-SiO₂ (T1)	10.09^c	5.64^c	0.43^c	67.76^c	47.34^c	1.89^c	0.26^c	1.74^c	1.77^c
	1 mM nano-SiO₂ (T2)	10.49^b	5.85^b	0.45^b	69.02^b	48.95^b	2.10^b	0.28^b	1.81^b	1.85^b
	1.5 mM nano-SiO₂ (T3)	11.32^a	6.01^a	0.47^a	70.49^a	50.81^a	2.29^a	0.30^a	1.90^a	1.94^a
Interaction
Well-watered	Control	11.12^c	6.86^d	0.51^d	74.58^d	58.42^d	1.98^d	0.30^c	2.09^c	2.18^d
	T1	11.99^b	7.00^c	0.53^c	76.64^c	60.24^c	2.21^c	0.34^b	2.23^b	2.27^c
	T2	12.32^b	7.13^b	0.55^b	77.84^b	61.64^b	2.53^b	0.36^a	2.29^b	2.33^b
	T3	13.49^a	7.23^a	0.58^a	78.98^a	63.44^a	2.77^a	0.38^a	2.38^a	2.42^a
Drought stress	Control	7.75^g	3.99^h	0.30^h	57.80^h	32.73^h	1.46^f	0.10^f	1.15^f	1.20^h
	T1	8.19^f	4.28^g	0.33^g	58.87^g	34.43^g	1.56^ef	0.19^e	1.25^e	1.28^g
	T2	8.65^e	4.56^f	0.35^f	60.20^f	36.25^f	1.67^e	0.20^e	1.32^e	1.36^f
	T3	9.15^d	4.80^e	0.37^e	62.00^e	38.17^e	1.81^d	0.22^d	1.41^d	1.45^e
ANOVA	DF
Irrigation (I)	1	0.0004	<0.001	0.0001	0.0003	0.0001	0.002	0.0042	0.001	0.0006
Foliar (F)	3	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
I × F	3	0.018	0.0001	0.036	0.045	0.047	0.0003	0.005	0.037	0.039

Means followed by the same letters under the same factor are not significantly different by least significant difference at p ≤ 0.05.