Table 2.

Studies of Chinese herbal injections in COVID-19 patients.

Chinese herbal injections	Clinical/biological effects	Study type	References
XueBiJing injection	Normalized body temperature, IL-6 ↓, improved CT imaging results, negative time for nucleic acid testing ↓	Retrospective case-control study	[26]
	Pneumonia severity index and score ↓, oxygenation index ↑, PaCO2 ↑, lymphocyte ↑, TNF-α ↓, IP-10 ↓, MIP-1β ↓, RANTES ↓	Single-center retrospective study	[29]
	White blood cell ↑, lymphocyte ↑, CRP ↓, erythrocyte sedimentation rate ↓	Randomized controlled study	[30]
	IL-6 ↓, IL-8 ↓, TNF-α ↓, CRP ↓, lymphocyte ↑, mechanical ventilation rate ↓, septic shock rate ↓, disease deterioration ↓, ICU hospitalization stay ↓	Prospective randomized controlled trial	[31]
XiYanPing injection	Time of SARS-CoV-2 RNA clearance ↓, lung lesion opacity absorbed ↑, CRP ↓, erythrocyte sedimentation rate ↓, serum ferritin ↓, myoglobin ↓	Retrospective case series study	[41]
ReDuNing injection	Symptom resolution rate ↑, time to clinical symptoms resolution ↓, time to nucleic acid test turning negative ↓, hospital stay ↓, time to defervescence ↓	Randomized, open-labeled, multicenter, controlled study	[48]
TanReQing injection	Pathological symptoms ↓, disease deterioration ↓, effective rate ↑	Single-center retrospective study	[54]
ShenMai injection	SARS-CoV-2 RNA clearance time ↓, CRP level ↓, erythrocyte sedimentation rate ↓, serum ferritin ↓, myoglobin ↓, improvement rate of chest CT manifestations ↑	Retrospective case series study	[41]

CRP, C-reactive protein; CT, computerized tomography; ICU, intensive care unit; IL, interleukin; IP-10, interferon-inducible protein-10; MIP-1β, macrophage inflammatory protein 1β; PaCO₂, partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood; RANTES, regulated on activation normal T-cell expressed and secreted chemokine; SARS-CoV-2, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2; TNF, tumor necrosis factor.