Table 1.
Mechanism of action with MSCs and EVs on T cells.
| Cell type | Immune cell | Mechanism | Effect | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FL-MSCs | CD4+CD8+T cell and Treg cell | – | inhibit CD4+T cells, CD8+T cells and promote Treg cells | (49) |
| MSC | Treg, Tfh | through an APC pathway | promotes Treg cells and inhibits the generation of Tfh | (49) |
| MSC-EVs | Th1 cell | regulating glycolysis and cytokine signaling pathways | inhibits T cell proliferation and Th1 differentiation | (39) |
| MSC-EVs | CD4+T cell | EVs-encapsulating miR-23a-3p and post-transcriptionally regulated TGF-β receptor 2 in T cells | suppressive Th1 differentiation | (50) |
| MSC-Exo | T cell | P27kip1/Cdk2 pathway | suppressive activation T cell proliferation and cell cycle arrest | (51) |
| MSC-EVs | T cell | increasing IL-10 and TGF-β | promote T cells apoptosis and inhibit proliferation | (13) |
| AD-MSC miR-10a | Th17/Treg cell | regulating Foxp3+ expression through TGF-β pathway | promote the differentiation of Th2 and Treg from naive CD4+ T cells | (52) |
| UC-MSCs | T cell | through the COX2/PGE2/NF-κB signaling pathway | inhibiting T cell proliferation and DC differentiation | (53) |
| UC-MSCs | T cell | IFNGR1/JAK2/Stats signaling pathways, IFN-γ/IDO axis | suppressive T cell proliferation and promote Treg function | (54) |
| AD-MSC | T cell | through regulating TGF-β and PGE2 | regulate the Th17/Treg balance | (55, 56) |
Tfh, T follicular helper; MSC, Mesenchymal stem cells; MSC-EVs, MSC derived Extracellular Vesicles; MSC-exo, MSC derived Exsome; FL-MSC, Fetal liver-derived Mesenchymal stem cells; BM-MSC, bone marrow Mesenchymal stem cells; UC-MSC, umbilical cord Mesenchymal stem cells; AD-MSC, adipose MSC; APC, antigen presenting cells; IL-10, interleukin 10; IDO, Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase; PGE2, Prostaglandin E2; TLR4, Toll-like Receptor 4; Treg, Regulatory T; Th1, T-helper 1; Th17, T-helper 1.