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. 2021 Sep 30;18(11):2489–2501. doi: 10.1038/s41423-021-00757-x

Fig. 4.

Fig. 4

Vascular blood–brain barrier in health (upper panel) and during systemic inflammation (lower panel). The figure is divided into four vertical sections corresponding to the four types of BBB responses to increasing levels of systemic inflammation described in the text. In the first vertical section on the left, changes in signaling are exemplified by up- and downregulation of carriers and receptors. This is followed by increased cell and solute trafficking across the BBB, with enhanced transendothelial vesicular transport and tight junction breakdown, in the second and third vertical sections. A rolling lymphocyte has adhered to the endothelium, after which diapedesis into the potential perivascular space occurs, where the lymphocyte can crawl (step 1) or penetrate the glia limitans (step 2) to enter the brain parenchyma. The fourth vertical section illustrates structural damage to various components of the BBB, including the glycocalyx, basement membrane, endothelial cells, pericytes, and astrocytic endfeet

HHS Vulnerability Disclosure