Table 2.
Means and standard deviations of all the study variables by gender and countries.
| Gender |
Countries |
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male | Female | F | η2 | India | Mexico | Philippines | Turkey | F | η2 | |
| Escapism | 10.16 (3.38) | 9.18 (3.60) | 10.44** | 0.01 | 8.50c (3.25) | 9.13c (3.37) | 10.35 (3.32) | 9.02c (4.28) | 9.05** | 0.02 |
| Self-esteem | 9.38 (1.97) | 9.36 (1.84) | 0.50 | 0.00 | 8.50c (3.25) | 9.13c (3.37) | 10.35 (3.32) | 9.02c (4.28) | 23.45** | 0.06 |
| Loneliness | 13.76 (4.28) | 14.47 (4.62) | 0.17 | 0.00 | 9.13b, d (1.76) | 9.58 d (2.01) | 8.85b, d (1.79) | 10.32 (1.65) | 186.87** | 0.32 |
| Gaming addiction | 16.67 (6.19) | 11.26 (5.3) | 159.79** | 0.12 | 12.62d (3.28) | 12.01d (4.39) | 13.23d (2.82) | 20.73 (2.94) | 8.37** | 0.02 |
| Psychological distress | 26.06 (8.79) | 26.57 (8.50) | 1.04 | 0.00 | 11.64c (5.59) | 12.14c (5.1) | 14.01 (6.3) | 10.51c, b (5.47) | 5.61** | 0.01 |
| CIUS | 44.09 (11.51) | 43.48 (11.9) | 0.70 | 0.00 | 25.27c (8.3) | 24.69c, d (8.07) | 28.03 (7.97) | 27.08 (10.16) | 48.27** | 0.11 |
| SMU | 22.23 (7.48) | 21.73 (7.53) | 0.02 | 0.00 | 41.55c (10.3) | 43.25c (10.45) | 49.22 (11.13) | 36.21a, b, c (11.16) | 40.13** | 0.09 |
| Apps | 9.74 (3.69) | 9.3 (3.59) | 0.81 | 0.01 | 20.71c (7.08) | 18.32a, c, d (7.09) | 25.17 (6.9) | 20.34c (7.35) | 16.34** | 0.04 |
Note. **p < .01, a: & India: p < .05, b: & Mexico: p < .05, c: & Philippines: p < .05, d: & Turkey: p < .05, CIUS = Compulsive Internet Use, SMU = Social Media Use, APPS = Time Spent on Certain Online Applications.