Table 5.
Upregulated long non-coding RNAs that are reported in cholangiocarcinomas
| LncRNA |
Possible mechanism |
Clinical relevance |
Ref. |
| AFAP1-AS1 | (1) Decreasing the expression of c-Myc, Cyclin D1, MMP-2 and MMP-9; and (2) Decreasing the AFAP1 expression and promoting cell stress filament integrity | Unfavorable prognostic biomarker; potential therapeutic target | Lu et al[136], 2017 |
| CCAT2 | - | Unfavorable prognostic biomarker; potential therapeutic target | Xu et al[137], 2018 |
| HULC | Activating CXCR4 by sponging to miR-372/miR-373 as ceRNA | Potential therapeutic target | Wang et al[138], 2016 |
| ASAP1-IT1 | Interacting with hedgehog signaling pathway | Unfavorable prognostic biomarker; potential therapeutic target | Guo et al[139], 2018 |
| CPS1IT1 | Coexpressed with host gene CPS1 | Unfavorable prognostic biomarker; potential therapeutic target | Lu et al[136], 2017 |
| EPIC1 | Directly interacting with Mys | - | Li et al[140], 2018 |
| H19 | Activating IL-6 by sponging to let-7a/let-7b as ceRNA | Unfavorable prognostic biomarker; potential therapeutic target | Xu et al[141], 2017 |
| CCAT1 | Sponging to miR-152 as ceRNA | Independent prognostic factor; potential therapeutic target | Jiang et al[142], 2017 |
| LINC01296 | Modulating MYCN transcription by sponge miR-5095 as ceRNA | Potential therapeutic target | Jiang et al[142], 2017 |
| PCAT1 | Enhancing Wnt/β-catenin signaling through miR-122 repression and WNT1 expression | Potential therapeutic target | Zhang et al[143], 2017 |
| SNHG1 | Modulating cancer-related gene like CDKN1A by co-operating with chromatin-modifying enzymes as EZH2 | Unfavorable prognostic biomarker; potential therapeutic target | Yu et al[144], 2018 |
| MALAT1 | (1) Activating PI3K/Akt pathway; and (2) miR-204-dependent CXCR4 regulation as ceRNA | Unfavorable prognostic biomarker; potential therapeutic target | Tan et al[145], 2017 |
| PVT1 | Binding to epigenetic modification complexes, adjusting the expression of ANGPTL4 | Potential therapeutic target | Yang et al[146], 2018 |
| UCA1 | (1) Facilitating apoptosis via Bcl-2/caspase-3 pathway; (2) Activating AKT/GSK-3β/CCND1 axis; and (3) Upregulating MMP-9 | Unfavorable prognostic biomarker; potential therapeutic target | Xu et al[147], 2017 |
| SPRY4-IT1 | Recruiting EZH2, LSD1 or DNMT1 via sponging to miR-101-3p | Unfavorable prognostic biomarker; potential therapeutic target | Xu et al[148], 2018 |
| T-UCRs | Downstream of Wnt pathway and sponging to miR-193b | Unfavorable prognostic biomarker; potential therapeutic target | Carotenuto et al[149], 2017 |
LncRNA: Long non-coding RNAs; ceRNA: competing endogenous RNAs; MMP9: Matrix metallopeptidase 9; EZH2: Enhancer of zeste homolog 2; PI3K: Phosphoinositide 3-kinase; LSD1: lysine-specific demethylase 1; DNMT1: DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase 1; CCND1: cell cycle proteins, cyclin D1; ANGPTL4: Angiopoietin-like protein 4.