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. 2021 Sep 16;11:712360. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.712360

Figure 4.

Figure 4

Release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-1α (A) and IL-1β (B) in response to S. aureus and/or S. epidermidis colonization after 48h cultivation. S. aureus colonization led to significant release of IL-1α and IL-1β from the keratinocytes, which was reduced by the colonization of S. epidermidis to an increasing degree as S. epidermidis was inoculated at a greater infective dose or prior to S. aureus. LOQ, limit of quantification; SE, S. epidermidis (black bars); SA, S. aureus (open bars). Light grey bars: S. epidermidis and S. aureus were inoculated simultaneously; dark grey bars: S. epidermidis was inoculated 4h prior to S. aureus. Data are presented as mean ± S.E. (n = 3-6). *p ≤ 0.05, **p ≤ 0.01, ***p ≤ 0.001, ****p ≤ 0.0001. Tukey–Kramer Post Hoc test after One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA).