Table 2.
New Polio Vaccines
| Vaccine Type | Attribute | Examples | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parenteral, inactivated | Dose sparing by fractional dose administration | Intradermal | Adopted in several countries |
| Intramuscular | Clinical studies in progress | ||
| Dose sparing by adjuvantation | Alum (AJ Vaccines) | Licensed 2019, WHO prequalified 2020 | |
| Adjuvanted for mucosal immunity | dmLT-IPV | In clinical trial | |
| Safer production | Sabin IPV | Licensed in Japan, China. WHO prequalified 2020 Other vaccines in advanced clinical development |
|
| S19 IPV | In clinical development | ||
| Virus-like particles | Preclinical | ||
| Oral, live attenuated | Enhanced genetic stability | nOPV vaccine candidates | nOPV granted emergency use authorization by WHO; nOPV1 and nOPV3 in preclinical development |
Abbreviations: dmLT, double-mutant labile toxin; IPV, inactivated poliovirus vaccine; nOPV, novel oral poliovirus vaccine; OPV, oral poliovirus vaccine; WHO, World Health Organization.