Table 9.

Univariate and multivariable analysis of variables associated with vaccine hesitancy for patients with neurological disorders stratified by race.

	White Patients		Asian Patients		Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander
	Unadjusted Odds Ratios (95% CI)	Best Fit Model: Adjusted Odds Ratios	Unadjusted Odds Ratios (95% CI)	Best Fit Model: Adjusted Odds Ratios	Unadjusted Odds Ratios (95% CI)	Best Fit Model: Adjusted Odds Ratios
Age	1.03 (1.00, 1.06), p = 0.049	1.05 (0.98, 1.13), p = 0.16	1.01 (0.98, 1.04), p = 0.43		1.02 (0.99, 1.05), p = 0.14
Median Household Income	1.00 (1.00, 1.00), p = 0.69		1.00 (1.00, 1.00), p = 0.96		1.00 (1.00, 1.00), p = 0.49
Overall Poverty Level	$38.12 (0.00, 1.11\times {10}^7$), p = 0.57		0.40 (0.00, 361,835.57), p = 0.89		0.002 (0.00, 178.37), p = 0.28
Poverty Level Ages 18–64	53.11 (0.00, $3.08\times {10}^7$), p = 0.56		7.23 (0.00, $2.62\times {10}^7$), p = 0.80		0.0014 (0.00, 313.60), p = 0.30
Poverty Level 65 and Older	0.84 (0.00, 25,882.48), p = 0.97		0.0019 (0.00, 99.69), p = 0.26		0.00 (0.00, 11.22), p = 0.12	0.00 (0.00, 1003.37), p = 0.13
Origin Population Size	1.00 (1.00, 1.00), p = 0.67		1.00 (1.00, 1.00), p = 0.36		1.00 (1.00, 1.00), p = 0.20
Geographic Origin
Urban	Referent		Referent		Referent
Suburban	0.86 (0.34, 2.22), p = 0.76		1.32 (0.45, 3.88), p = 0.62		1.50 (0.53, 4.23), p = 0.44
Rural	0.45 (0.043, 4.81), p = 0.51		NA		1.16 (0.00, 55,495.19), p = 0.99
Income Quartiles
Third Quartile (Middle Class)	Referent		Referent		Referent
First Quartile	0.92 (0.19, 4.39), p = 0.92		0.43 (0.07, 2.63), p = 0.36		0.48 (0.079, 2.95), p = 0.43
Second Quartile	0.36 (0.091, 1.38), p = 0.14		0.27 (0.05, 1.52), p = 0.14		0.81 (0.14, 4.82), p = 0.82
Fourth Quartile	0.29 (0.08, 1.05), p = 0.06		0.29 (0.05, 1.60), p = 0.15		0.48 (0.079, 2.95), p = 0.43
Insurance
Private	Referent		Referent		Referent
Medicaid	0.51 (0.16, 1.68), p = 0.27		1.20 (0.28, 5.10), p = 0.80		0.43 (0.13, 1.43), p = 0.17
Medicare	1.80 (0.56, 5.80), p = 0.33		1.67 (0.46, 6.03), p = 0.43		0.78 (0.19, 3.26), p = 0.73
Military	4.91 (0.59, 41.08), p = 0.14		0.071 (0.003, 2.01), p = 0.99		0.72 (0.063, 8.20), p = 0.79
Sex
Female	Referent		Referent	Referent	Referent
Male	1.22 (0.47, 3.16), p = 0.68		2.54 (0.83, 7.78), p = 0.10	2.79 (0.60, 12.97), p = 0.19	0.62 (0.22, 1.75), p = 0.37
Q1: Have you had a one-on-one discussion with a physician about the risks and benefits of receiving the COVID vaccination?
Had Conversation	Referent		Referent		Referent
No Conversation	0.54 (0.15, 1.98), p = 0.36		0.68 (0.18, 2.61), p = 0.57		0.47 (0.096, 2.36), p = 0.36
Q2: Primary source of COVID information
Scholarly Articles/ CDC/ US Governmental Agencies	Referent		Referent		Referent
Healthcare Provider	0.58 (0.05, 6.57), p = 0.66		1.50 (0.09, 25.39), p = 0.78		9.62 (0.00, $1.74\times {10}^7$), p = 0.99
Friends/Family/Coworkers	0.42 (0.075, 2.36), p = 0.32		2.25 (0.23, 22.14), p = 0.49		0.30 (0.048, 1.88), p = 0.20
Traditional Media (TV News, Radio, Print Media)	0.69 (0.18, 2.67), p = 0.59		3.31 (0.52, 21.13), p = 0.21		0.83 (0.15, 4.53), p = 0.82
Social Media	0.16 (0.025, 1.03), p = 0.054		1.13 (0.14, 8.88), p = 0.91		0.13 (0.013, 1.39), p = 0.09
Q3: Do you believe that vaccines are safe?
Yes	Referent	Referent	Referent	Referent	Referent	Referent
No	0.094 (0.027, 0.32), p < 0.001	0.039 (0.002, 0.91), p = 0.04	0.064 (0.011, 0.37), p = 0.002	0.065 (0.009, 0.47), p = 0.007	0.11 (0.030, 0.39), p = 0.001	0.0004 (0.00, 1.04), p = 0.051
Q4: Do you believe that COVID is a severe illness?
Yes	Referent	Referent	Referent		Referent
No	0.081 (0.021, 0.32), p < 0.001	0.032 (0.00, 2.51), p = 0.12	1.58 (0.18, 13.74), p = 0.68		0.22 (0.060, 0.84), p = 0.027
Q5: Do you have a preexisting medical condition that you believe will make the vaccine unsafe?
Yes	Referent	Referent	Referent	Referent	Referent
No	9.45 (3.30, 27.04), p < 0.001	11.37 (1.01, 127.98), p = 0.049	8.13 (2.59, 25.49), p < 0.001	5.53 (1.41, 21.67), p = 0.014	1.94 (0.65, 5.75), p = 0.23
Q6: Have you received the flu vaccine within the last year?
Yes	Referent	Referent	Referent		Referent
No	0.12 (0.042, 0.36), p < 0.001	0.12 (0.01, 1.58), p = 0.11	0.20 (0.065, 0.59), p = 0.004		0.41 (0.15, 1.18), p = 0.098
Q7: Have you tested positive for COVID?
Yes	Referent		Referent		Referent
No	39.44 (0.51, 3050.53), p = 0.99		4.53 (0.27, 76.08), p = 0.29		0.28 (0.00, 13,449.63), p = 0.99
Q9: How would you define your work status?
Employed	Referent		Referent		Referent
Unemployed	1.05 (0.11, 10.10), p = 0.97		7.56 (0.00, $1.11\times {10}^8$), p = 0.99		0.80 (0.070, 9.18), p = 0.86
Homemaker	0.75 (0.13, 4.29), p = 0.75		0.21 (0.012, 3.93), p = 0.30		0.32 (0.00, 2629.21), p = 0.99
Not Able to Work	0.48 (0.13, 1.80), p = 0.28		0.29 (0.050, 1.62), p = 0.16		0.40 (0.10, 1.57), p = 0.19
Retired	1.16 (0.36, 3.71), p = 0.81		1.16 (0.35, 3.84), p = 0.80		0.50 (0.12, 2.09), p = 0.34
Student	0.27 (0.00, 862.57), p = 0.99		0.64 (0.057, 7.29), p = 0.72		0.40 (0.029, 5.55), p = 0.49
Q10: What is the highest level of education you completed?
Associate/Bachelor’s Degree	Referent	Referent	Referent		Referent
Graduate Degree	3.89 (0.43, 34.82), p = 0.22	11.70 (0.01, 11181.86), p = 0.99	1.54 (0.27, 8.64), p = 0.62		0.64 (0.00, 5592.09), p = 0.99
High School Degree	0.15 (0.042, 0.56), p = 0.005	0.036 (0.0015, 0.82), p = 0.04	0.90 (0.24, 3.31), p = 0.87		0.33 (0.061, 1.81), p = 0.20
Some College	0.64 (0.17, 2.42), p = 0.52	0.64 (0.033, 12.27), p = 0.77	2.80 (0.52, 14.99), p = 0.23		0.15 (0.027, 0.85), p = 0.032
Some High School	0.33 (0.029, 3.84), p = 0.38	0.027 (0.00, 6.18), p = 0.19	12.81 (0.00, $2.34\times {10}^7$), p = 0.99		0.44 (0.032, 6.19), p = 0.55
Trade School	2.29 (0.001, 4435.52), p = 0.99	10.70 (0.0033, 34834.71), p = 1.00	0.56 (0.044, 7.12), p = 0.65		0.11 (0.005, 2.55), p = 0.17
Q11: What is your marital status?
Married	Referent		Referent		Referent
Divorced	0.58 (0.16, 2.08), p = 0.40		0.47 (0.099, 2.19), p = 0.33		1.25 (0.28, 5.60), p = 0.77
Single	0.43 (0.15, 1.29), p = 0.13		1.40 (0.34, 5.67), p = 0.64		1.02 (0.32, 3.24), p = 0.98
Widowed	1.09 (0.12, 9.67), p = 0.94		1.40 (0.27, 7.25), p = 0.69		1.88 (0.19, 18.32), p = 0.59
Q12: How would you describe your political view?
Independent	Referent	Referent	Referent		Referent	Referent
Conservative	0.89 (0.28, 2.82), p = 0.84	0.074 (0.003, 1.58), p = 0.096	0.61 (0.15, 2.46), p = 0.49		0.47 (0.10, 2.15), p = 0.33	0.047 (0.001, 2.75), p = 0.14
Liberal	2.61 (0.65, 10.47), p = 0.18	0.21 (0.01, 3.61), p = 0.28	3.33 (0.34, 32.27), p = 0.30		2.38 (0.56, 10.01), p = 0.24	0.01 (0.00, 5.12), p = 0.15
Body Mass Index	1.06 (0.97, 1.15), p = 0.18		0.92 (0.84, 1.01), p = 0.078	0.88 (0.78, 0.99), p = 0.032	0.96 (0.89, 1.02), p = 0.19	0.92 (0.73, 1.17), p = 0.51
Dyslipidemia
No Dyslipidemia	Referent		Referent		Referent	Referent
Dyslipidemia	3.78 (1.20, 11.90), p = 0.023		1.40 (0.50, 3.94), p = 0.52		2.22 (0.71, 6.87), p = 0.17	28.54 (0.51, 1605.85), p = 0.10
Type 1 or 2 Diabetes Mellitus
No Diabetes Mellitus	Referent		Referent		Referent
Diabetes Mellitus	0.52 (0.15, 1.79), p = 0.30		5.25 (0.65, 42.43), p = 0.12		1.52 (0.38, 6.12), p = 0.56
Hypertension
No Hypertension	Referent		Referent		Referent
Hypertension	3.92 (1.09, 14.03), p = 0.036		1.25 (0.44, 3.52), p = 0.67		1.25 (0.42, 3.76), p = 0.69
Coronary Artery Disease or Prior Myocardial Infarction (CAD/MI)
No CAD/MI	Referent		Referent		Referent
CAD/MI	0.50 (0.10, 2.69), p = 0.42		1.44 (0.29, 7.17), p = 0.65		0.49 (0.13, 1.95), p = 0.32
Peripheral Vascular Disease (PVD)
No PVD	Referent		Referent		Referent
PVD	1.23 (0.00, 202,279.46), p = 0.99		0.49 (0.042, 5.68), p = 0.57		0.96 (0.17, 5.25), p = 0.96
Smoking
Never	Referent	Referent	Referent		Referent
Current	0.24 (0.07, 0.84), p = 0.025	0.06 (0.003, 1.19), p = 0.065	1.02 (0.11, 9.84), p = 0.99		0.65 (0.16, 2.57), p = 0.54
Former	0.63 (0.18, 2.18), p = 0.47	1.05 (0.046, 24.00), p = 0.97	1.02 (0.25, 4.11), p = 0.98		1.78 (0.34, 9.29), p = 0.49
Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)
No CHF	Referent		Referent		Referent
CHF	1.23 (0.00, 202,279.46), p = 0.99		0.24 (0.01, 4.08), p = 0.33		13.57 (0.00, $2.32\times {10}^8$), p = 0.99
History of Atrial Fibrillation or Flutter (Afib)
No Afib	Referent		Referent		Referent
Afib	10.41 (0.001, 133927.77), p = 0.99		1.00 (0.10, 9.53), p = 1.00		1.14 (0.21, 6.10), p = 0.88
Cerebrovascular Accident
No	Referent		Referent		Referent
Yes	12.50 (0.02, 8543.15), p = 0.99		0.81 (0.20, 3.30), p = 0.77		2.69 (0.55, 13.29), p = 0.22
Alcohol Use Screen (Positive AUDIT-C)
Negative Screen	Referent		Referent		Referent
Positive Screen	0.63 (0.20, 1.92), p = 0.41		0.73 (0.13, 3.95), p = 0.71		15.42 (0.00, $2.55\times {10}^7$), p = 0.99
History of Alcohol Use Disorder (DSM Diagnosed)
No Alcohol Use Disorder	Referent		Referent		Referent
Alcohol Use Disorder	0.90 (0.10, 8.12), p = 0.93		NA		9.66 (0.00, $8.59\times {10}^9$), p = 0.99
Depression Screen (Positive PHQ-9)
Negative Screen	Referent		Referent		Referent	Referent
Positive Screen	1.94 (0.23, 16.04), p = 0.54		1.13 (0.22, 5.76), p = 0.89		0.12 (0.024, 0.58), p = 0.009	0.003 (0.00, 0.78), p = 0.040
History of Psychiatric Disorder (DSM Diagnosed)
No Psychiatric History	Referent		Referent		Referent
Psychiatric History	1.84 (0.69, 4.88), p = 0.22		1.14 (0.36, 3.60), p = 0.82		0.63 (0.21, 1.90), p = 0.41
Illicit Drug Use
No	Referent	Referent	Referent		Referent	Referent
Yes	0.19 (0.06, 0.61), p = 0.005	13.98 (0.39, 507.02), p = 0.15	5.75 (0.00, $3.14\times {10}^9)$, p = 0.99		0.30 (0.039, 2.31), p = 0.25	0.069 (0.00$, 7.92\times {10}^6$), p = 0.78
Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)
No PUD	Referent		Referent		Referent
PUD	1.64 (0.20, 13.63), p = 0.65		1.83 (0.21, 15.91), p = 0.58		13.57 (0.00, $2.2\times {10}^8$), p = 0.99
Liver Disease (i.e., Cirrhosis)
No Liver Disease	Referent		Referent		Referent
Liver Disease	0.34 (0.030, 3.95), p = 0.39		9.76 (0.00, $1.67\times {10}^8$), p = 0.99		9.66 (0.00, $8.59\times {10}^9$), p = 0.99
Connective Tissue Disease (CTD)
No CTD	Referent		Referent		Referent
CTD	1.23 (0.00, 202,279.46), p = 0.99		0.37 (0.00, 3684.10), p = 0.99		9.66 (0.00, $8.59\times {10}^9$), p = 0.99
Chronic Pulmonary Disease
No Chronic Pulmonary Disease	Referent		Referent		Referent
Chronic Pulmonary Disease	1.14 (0.31, 4.25), p = 0.85		1.83 (0.21, 15.91), p = 0.58		1.53 (0.30, 7.91), p = 0.61
Hemiplegia
No Hemiplegia	Referent		Referent		Referent
Hemiplegia	0.52 (0.051, 5.22), p = 0.58		0.37 (0.00, 3684.10), p = 0.99		1.31 (0.14, 12.55), p = 0.82
Dementia
No Dementia	Referent		Referent		Referent
Dementia	1.25 (0.15, 10.72), p = 0.84		1.55 (0.17, 13.71), p = 0.70		9.66 (0.00, $8.59\times {10}^9$), p = 0.99
Moderate to Severe Renal Disease
No Renal Disease	Referent		Referent		Referent
Renal Disease	10.41 (0.001, 133,927.77), p = 0.99		12.88 (0.00, $4.88\times {10}^6$), p = 0.99		2.04 (0.23, 18.28), p = 0.52
Solid Tumor (Localized or Metastatic)
No Tumor	Referent		Referent		Referent	Referent
Tumor	0.93 (0.25, 3.53), p = 0.92		2.13 (0.25, 18.18), p = 0.49		0.14 (0.030, 0.69), p = 0.015	0.00 (0.00, 2.29), p = 0.079
Autoimmune Disease
No Autoimmune Disease	Referent		Referent		Referent
Autoimmune Disease	0.78 (0.16, 3.88), p = 0.76		12.88 (0.00, $4.88\times {10}^6$), p = 0.99		0.96 (0.093, 9.89), p = 0.97
Thyroid Disease
No Thyroid Disease	Referent		Referent		Referent
Thyroid Disease	1.36 (0.37, 5.03), p = 0.64		0.45 (0.10, 2.03), p = 0.30		15.42 (0.00, $2.55\times {10}^7$), p = 0.99
Musculoskeletal Disorder (MSK)
No MSK Disorder	Referent	Referent	Referent		Referent
MSK Disorder	3.85 (1.44, 10.29), p = 0.007	8.44 (0.78, 91.37), p = 0.079	1.03 (0.37, 2.88), p = 0.96		1.30 (0.45, 3.81), p = 0.63
Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI)	1.25 (0.97, 1.60), p = 0.082		1.16 (0.90, 1.50), p = 0.26		1.11 (0.86, 1.45), p = 0.42
10-Year Survival CCI	0.99 (0.97, 1.01), p = 0.18		0.99 (0.97, 1.01), p = 0.29		0.99 (0.98, 1.01), p = 0.57