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. 2021 Sep 15;9(9):e31637. doi: 10.2196/31637

Table 1.

Mean, variance, and P value of each parameter for heart rate variability, physical workload, work vibration, and machine operation.

Parameter Riding operation Remote operation VRa operation Norm
test
P value between each operation





1-2 2-3 1-3
HRVb time domain, mean (SD)

RRIc (msd) 664.8 (92.6) 828.9 (140) 803.0 (152) NPe .008 .05 .85

SDRRf (ms) 66.5 (22.6) 70.7 (36.3) 60.0 (22.0) NP .96 .66 .72

RMSSDg (ms) 24.2 (7.96) 25.3 (10.1) 26.4 (8.02) NP .90 .57 .78
HRV frequency domain, mean (SD)

LFh nu 77.2 (9.44) 63.6 (9.70) 73.0 (13.0) Pi <.001 .005 .38

LF power 31.1 (7.13) 29.9 (8.69) 32.7 (5.36) NP .87 .63 .98

LF/HFj 4.72 (1.52) 1.85 (0.78) 3.27 (0.99) NP <.001 .004 .04

MSEk 7.13 (1.26) 11.3 (2.78) 6.88 (2.10) P <.001 <.001 .99
Physical workload, mean (SD)

%HRRl 13.0 (6.30) 3.70 (4.01) 5.17 (5.45) P <.001 .001 .99
Work vibration, mean (SD)

Awm 60.7 (18.1) 11.6 (12.8) 56.5 (21.4) NP <.001 <.001 .004

VDVn 5678 (4067) 1.80 (2.25) 828.2 (2377) P <.001 .99 <.001

MSDVzo 133.9 (2.59) 126.5 (2.26) 131.3 (2.56) NP <.001 <.001 .04
Machine operation, mean (SD)

Running time 306.3 (48.7) 436.2 (81.7) 369.8 (77.6) NP <.001 .04 .05

aVR: virtual reality.

bHRV: heart rate variability.

cRRI: RR interval.

dms: milliseconds.

eNP: nonparametric.

fSDRR: SD of RRI.

gRMSSD: root mean square of the continuous difference.

hLF: low frequency.

iP: parametric.

jHF: high frequency.

kMSE: multiscale entropy.

lHRR: heart rate reserve.

mAw: vibration index.

nVDV: vibration doses value.

oMSDVz: motion sickness dose value.