Table 1.
Mean, variance, and P value of each parameter for heart rate variability, physical workload, work vibration, and machine operation.
| Parameter | Riding operation | Remote operation | VRa operation | Norm test |
P value between each operation | |||
|
|
|
|
|
|
1-2 | 2-3 | 1-3 | |
| HRVb time domain, mean (SD) | ||||||||
|
|
RRIc (msd) | 664.8 (92.6) | 828.9 (140) | 803.0 (152) | NPe | .008 | .05 | .85 |
|
|
SDRRf (ms) | 66.5 (22.6) | 70.7 (36.3) | 60.0 (22.0) | NP | .96 | .66 | .72 |
|
|
RMSSDg (ms) | 24.2 (7.96) | 25.3 (10.1) | 26.4 (8.02) | NP | .90 | .57 | .78 |
| HRV frequency domain, mean (SD) | ||||||||
|
|
LFh nu | 77.2 (9.44) | 63.6 (9.70) | 73.0 (13.0) | Pi | <.001 | .005 | .38 |
|
|
LF power | 31.1 (7.13) | 29.9 (8.69) | 32.7 (5.36) | NP | .87 | .63 | .98 |
|
|
LF/HFj | 4.72 (1.52) | 1.85 (0.78) | 3.27 (0.99) | NP | <.001 | .004 | .04 |
|
|
MSEk | 7.13 (1.26) | 11.3 (2.78) | 6.88 (2.10) | P | <.001 | <.001 | .99 |
| Physical workload, mean (SD) | ||||||||
|
|
%HRRl | 13.0 (6.30) | 3.70 (4.01) | 5.17 (5.45) | P | <.001 | .001 | .99 |
| Work vibration, mean (SD) | ||||||||
|
|
Awm | 60.7 (18.1) | 11.6 (12.8) | 56.5 (21.4) | NP | <.001 | <.001 | .004 |
|
|
VDVn | 5678 (4067) | 1.80 (2.25) | 828.2 (2377) | P | <.001 | .99 | <.001 |
|
|
MSDVzo | 133.9 (2.59) | 126.5 (2.26) | 131.3 (2.56) | NP | <.001 | <.001 | .04 |
| Machine operation, mean (SD) | ||||||||
|
|
Running time | 306.3 (48.7) | 436.2 (81.7) | 369.8 (77.6) | NP | <.001 | .04 | .05 |
aVR: virtual reality.
bHRV: heart rate variability.
cRRI: RR interval.
dms: milliseconds.
eNP: nonparametric.
fSDRR: SD of RRI.
gRMSSD: root mean square of the continuous difference.
hLF: low frequency.
iP: parametric.
jHF: high frequency.
kMSE: multiscale entropy.
lHRR: heart rate reserve.
mAw: vibration index.
nVDV: vibration doses value.
oMSDVz: motion sickness dose value.