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. 2021 Sep 5;4(3):62. doi: 10.3390/mps4030062

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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(a) U1 binds to exon 1 and U2 binds to exon 2 in order to define 5’ ends of the intron before removal. Addition of tri-snRNP U4/U6.U5 determines the full spliceosome assembly in humans. (b) Role of cis- and trans-regulatory sequences during alternative splicing. Cis-regulatory elements are located in the alternatively spliced exon or in its flanking introns. Cis-factors positively modulate intronic/exonic splicing enhancers (ISE/ESE) and negatively regulate intronic/exonic splice silencer (ISS/ESS). Cis-sequences are bound by trans-factors such as serine/arginine (SR) proteins or the heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP).