Table 1.
Participant characteristics.
| Variable | Parent report, n (%) | Adolescent report, n (%) | |||
| Relationship to child in research (n=4581) | |||||
|
|
Biological parent | 3934 (85.88) | —a | ||
|
|
Stepparent | 246 (5.37) | — | ||
|
|
Parent’s partner (living together) | 137 (2.99) | — | ||
|
|
Adoptive parent | 120 (2.61) | — | ||
|
|
Foster parent | 12 (0.26) | — | ||
|
|
Grandparent | 106 (2.31) | — | ||
|
|
Other relative or guardian | 26 (0.57) | — | ||
| Number of children (n=4588) | |||||
|
|
1 | 1357 (29.58) | — | ||
|
|
2 | 1745 (38.03) | — | ||
|
|
3 | 872 (19) | — | ||
|
|
4 | 334 (7.27) | — | ||
|
|
5 | 147 (3.2) | — | ||
|
|
≥6 | 133 (2.9) | — | ||
| Child participating in research (n=4565) | |||||
|
|
Youngest child | 1456 (31.89) | — | ||
|
|
Middle child | 632 (13.84) | — | ||
|
|
Oldest child | 1584 (34.7) | — | ||
|
|
Only child | 893 (19.56) | — | ||
| Gender (n=4592) | |||||
|
|
Female | 2652 (57.75) | 2130 (46.39) | ||
|
|
Male | 1877 (40.88) | 2392 (52.09) | ||
|
|
Nonbinary | 26 (0.57) | 23 (0.5) | ||
|
|
Female to male transgender | 20 (0.43) | 25 (0.54) | ||
|
|
Male to female transgender | 5 (0.11) | 5 (0.11) | ||
|
|
Other | 3 (0.07) | 0 (0) | ||
|
|
Prefer not to answer | 9 (0.2) | 17 (0.2) | ||
| Ethnicity (n=4592) | |||||
|
|
Not Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin | 3798 (82.71) | 3707 (80.73) | ||
|
|
Mexican American, Chicano | 386 (8.41) | 439 (9.56) | ||
|
|
Puerto Rican | 166 (3.61) | 178 (3.88) | ||
|
|
Cuban | 44 (0.96) | 50 (1.09) | ||
|
|
Another Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin | 148 (3.22) | 152 (3.31) | ||
|
|
Prefer not to answer | 50 (1.09) | 66 (1.44) | ||
| Race (n=4592) | |||||
|
|
White or Caucasian | 3148 (68.55) | 3070 (66.86) | ||
|
|
Black or African American | 674 (14.68) | 699 (15.22) | ||
|
|
American Indian or Alaska Native | 123 (2.68) | 116 (2.52) | ||
|
|
Asian | 230 (5.01) | 211 (4.59) | ||
|
|
Asian Indian | 17 (0.37) | 17 (0.37) | ||
|
|
Other Asian | 7 (0.15) | 7 (0.15) | ||
|
|
Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander | 42 (0.91) | 36 (0.78) | ||
|
|
Multiracial | 146 (3.18) | 221 (4.81) | ||
|
|
Other | 36 (0.78) | 31 (0.68) | ||
|
|
Prefer not to answer | 72 (1.57) | 82 (1.79) | ||
|
|
Latino, Hispanic, or Mexican | 97 (2.11) | 102 (2.22) | ||
| Highest completed education (n=4592) | |||||
|
|
4th grade | — | 1 (0.02) | ||
|
|
5th grade | — | 19 (0.41) | ||
|
|
6th grade | — | 489 (10.65) | ||
|
|
7th grade | — | 644 (14.02) | ||
|
|
8th grade | — | 747 (16.27) | ||
|
|
9th grade | — | 776 (16.9) | ||
|
|
10th grade | — | 828 (18.03) | ||
|
|
11th grade | — | 681 (14.83) | ||
|
|
12th grade | — | 361 (7.86) | ||
|
|
Other | — | 12 (0.26) | ||
|
|
Prefer not to answer | — | 23 (0.5) | ||
|
|
College | — | 11 (0.24) | ||
| Highest completed education (n=4592) | |||||
|
|
High school incomplete or less | 292 (6.36) | — | ||
|
|
High school graduate or General Educational Development | 886 (19.29) | — | ||
|
|
Some college | 1440 (31.36) | — | ||
|
|
Four-year college degree or bachelor’s degree | 1049 (22.84) | — | ||
|
|
Some postgraduate or professional schooling | 176 (3.83) | — | ||
|
|
Postgraduate or professional degree | 718 (15.64) | — | ||
|
|
Prefer not to answer | 31 (0.66) | — | ||
aFor some questionnaires, only one party (adolescent or parent) filled it out.