Table 1.

SARS-CoV-2 antibody test results in rheumatic disease patients with COVID-19 confirmed by PCR

Age, years	Sex	Rheumatic disease diagnosis	Rheumatic disease treatment	Timing of SARS-CoV-2 antibody test(s) relative to first positive COVID-19 PCR	SARS-CoV-2 antibody test result(s)	COVID-19 complications	COVID-19 pharmacologic treatment	COVID-19 clinical outcome
Negative/variable SARS-CoV-2 antibodies
48	Female	Psoriatic arthritis	Leflunomide 10 mg daily, prednisone 10 mg daily	T+177 days	Negative total antibody*	None	None	Fully recovered
62	Female	ANCA-associated vasculitis	Rituximab 1 g (started T–6 years, most recent dose T–149 days), azathioprine 100 mg daily, prednisone 7.5 mg daily	T+28 days† T+71 days T+111 days T+216 days	Negative IgG, negative IgM‡ Negative total antibody* Negative total antibody* Negative total antibody*	Hospitalisation with ICU admission Respiratory failure requiring oxygen therapy by high flow nasal cannula	Hydroxychloroquine, Remdesivir	Persistent cough (T+238 days). Oxygen requirement resolved by hospital discharge.
45	Male	Antiphospholipid syndrome	Prednisone 15 mg daily, cyclophosphamide 250 mg daily, rituximab 1 g (started T–5 years, most recent dose T–11 days), eculizumab 900 mg (started and most recent dose T-9 days)	T+28 days T+81 days T+87 days T+107 days	Positive IgM, negative IgG‡ Positive IgM, positive IgG‡ Positive IgM, positive IgG‡ Negative total antibody*	Hospitalisation with ICU admission Respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation; circulatory shock	Remdesivir, SARS-CoV-2 antibody cocktail (regeneron) (T+145 days)	Death (T+154 days)
Positive SARS-CoV-2 antibodies
26	Female	Systemic lupus erythematosus	None	T+1 hour T+7 days	Positive total antibody* Positive total antibody*	Hospitalisation with ICU admission TTP requiring plasma exchange and glucocorticoids	None	Recurrent TTP episode (T+58 days)
71	Female	Rheumatoid arthritis	None	T+58 days	Positive total antibody*	None	None	Fully recovered
73	Male	Psoriatic arthritis	Etanercept 50 mg weekly	T+60 days	Positive total antibody*	None	None	Fully recovered
54	Female	Systemic lupus erythematosus	Rituximab 720 mg (started T–86 days, most recent dose T–2 days)	T+60 days	IgG positive, IgM not performed‡	None	None	Fully recovered
63	Female	Systemic lupus erythematosus	Azathioprine 100 mg daily, belimumab 720 mg monthly (started T–336 days, most recent dose T–20 days)	T+88 days	Positive total antibody*	None	None	Fully recovered
55	Female	Sarcoidosis	None	T+93 days	Positive total antibody*	None	None	Fully recovered
52	Female	Rheumatoid arthritis	None	T+94 days T+210 days	Positive total antibody* Positive total antibody*	Hospitalisation without ICU admission Supplemental oxygen by nasal cannula	None	Fully recovered
68	Female	Polymyositis	Prednisone 6 mg daily, methotrexate 25 mg weekly	T+129 days	Positive total antibody*	None	None	Fully recovered
51	Female	Neurosarcoidosis	Methotrexate 15 mg weekly	T+155 days	Positive total antibody*	None	None	Fully recovered
72	Female	Psoriatic arthritis	Methotrexate 25 mg weekly	T+203 days	Positive total tntibody*	Hospitalisation without ICU admission; no oxygen requirement	None	Prolonged fatigue (T+262 days)

^*Measured with the Roche Elecsys assay, which reports the positivity of total SARS-CoV-2 antibody (IgM and IgG) and has 99.5% sensitivity at 14 days after COVID-19 infection.

^†T=time zero, defined as the date of the first positive COVID-19 PCR test.

^‡Measured with the Viracor Eurofins assay, which reports IgM and IgG antibody positivity to SARS-CoV-2. The sensitivity of the assay is unknown.

ANCA, antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody; ICU, intensive care unit; PCR, polymerase chain reaction; T, time zero; TTP, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura.