Table 1.
The effect of different starter cultures on the end fermentation products.
| Substrate | Microorganism | Product | Productivity | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wheat straw | Bacillus sp. BBXS-2 | Amylase | 6,900 U/g, 5 d | Qureshi et al. (2016) |
| Aspergillus lentulus | Xylanase | 158.4 U/g, 4 d | Kaushik et al. (2014) | |
| Wheat bran | Aspergillus oryzae | Amylase | 1,491 U/g, 3 d | Chen et al. (2014) |
| Rhizopus oryzae SN5 | Cellulase | 437 U/g, 5 d | Pandey et al. (2016) | |
| Aspergillus niger NS-2 | Cellulase | 395 U/g (CMCase), 28 U/g (FPase), 46 U/g | Bansal et al. (2012) | |
| Pleurotus ostreatus | Laccase | 32,450 U/g, 7 d | El-Batal et al. (2015) | |
| Coriolus sp. | Laccase | 2,661 U/g, 10 d | Mathur et al. (2013) | |
| Aspergillus niger LBA 02 | Protease | 262.78 U/g, 2 d | Castro et al. (2015) | |
| Trichoderma viride-IR05 | Xylanase | 72.4 U/g, 168 h | Irfan et al. (2014) | |
| Bacillus sp. PKD-9 | Xylanase | 98,000 U/g, 120 h | Panwar et al. (2014) | |
| Aspergillus oryzae (P6B2) | Xylanase | 2,830.7 U/g, 1 d | Pirota et al. (2013) | |
| Mucor petrinsularis, Mucor dimorphosporus, Mucor circinelloides, Mucor hiemalis | β-Carothene and γ-linolenic acid | 8.5 μg/g of β-carothene and 12.1 mg of γ-linolenic acid, 180 h | Certík et al. (2013) | |
| Apple pomace | Macrophomina | Amylase | 3,309 U/g, 120 h | Kaur et al. (2012) |
| Aspergillus niger NRRL-567 | Cellulase | 134 U/g (FPase), 60 U/g (β-glucosidase), 172 U/g (CMCase), 2 d | Dhillon et al., 2012a, Dhillon et al., 2012b | |
| Aspergillus niger NRRL 567 | Citric acid | 294.2 g/kg of dried apple pomace, 5 d | Dhillon et al. (2013) | |
| Rhizopus oryzae 1526 | Fumaric acid | 52.0 g/kg of dry weight substrate, 21 d | Das et al. (2015) | |
| Saccharomyces | Volatile | Esters, lactones, acids, terpenoids, aldehydes, ketones and alcohols | Madrera et al. (2015) | |
| Consortium of Aspergillus ornatus | Citric acid | 13.32 mg/g of substrate, 2 d | Ali et al. (2016) | |
| Sugarcane bagasse | Burkholderia | Lipase | 72.3 U/g, 4 d | Liu et al. (2016) |
| Thermomucor indicae | Lipase | 15 U/g, 3 d | Ferrarezi et al. (2014) | |
| Aspergillus oryzae CPQBA 394-12 DRM 01 | Pectinase | 40 U/g, 18 to 24 h | Biz et al. (2016) | |
| Thermoascus aurantiacus var. levisporus KKU-PN-I2-1 | Xylanase | 176 U/g, 196 h | Chanwicha et al. (2015) | |
| Pleurotus ostreatus | Laccase | 167 U/g, 5 d | Karp et al. (2012) | |
| Rice straw | Pyrenophora phaeocomes | Laccase | 10,859 U/g, 4 d | Rastogi et al. (2016) |
| Aspergillus niger NRRL 2001 | Cellulase | 401 U/g (FPase), 545 U/g (CMCase), 285 U/g | Dhillon et al., 2012a, Dhillon et al., 2012b | |
| Pleurotus sajor-caju | Protease | 85 U/mL, 8 d | Ravikumar et al. (2012) | |
| Promicromonospora sp. MARS | Xylanase | 85.0 U/g, 4 d | Kumar et al. (2011) | |
| Citrus peel | Aspergillus niger F3 | Pectinase | 265 U/g, 4 d | Rodríguez et al. (2011) |
| Aspergillus oryzae CPQBA 394-12 DRM 01 | Pectinase | 40 U/g, 18 to 24 h | Biz et al. (2016) | |
| Corn cob powder | Monascus purpureus KACC 42430 | Pigments (red) | 25.42 OD units/g, 7 d | Velmurugan et al. (2011) |
| Aspergillus niger van Tieghem KACC 44333 | Oxalic acid | 120 g/kg of dry weight substrate, 7 d | Mai et al. (2016) | |
| Sorghum straw | Aspergillus tubingensis FDHN1 | Xylanase | 5,177.23 U/g, 5 d | Adhyaru et al. (2016) |
| Saccharomyces cerevisiae | Ethanol | 6.56 g/100 g | Zai et al. (2009) | |
| Bread waste | Thermomyces sp. | Amylase | 39,900 U/g, 4 d | Cerda et al. (2016) |
| Aspergillus awamori | Protease and glucoamylase | 102.8 U/g (glucoamylase), 63.7 U/g (protease), 7 d | Melikoglu et al. (2013) | |
| Monascus purpureus | Pigment, glucoamylase and protease | 24 AU (absorbance units)/g, 8 and 117 U for pigments, glucoamylase and protease, respectively, 7 d | Haque et al. (2016) |