| RPQGLPNNTASWFTALTQHGK (peptide originating from
SARS-CoV-2
nucleoprotein) |
Diagnostic |
Gargle |
Proof of concept study |
Targeted LC-MS/MS (PRM)
Pharmafludics-Orbitrap Fusion Tribrid.
3 h Gradient |
(43) |
| SARS CoV-2 RNA extracts |
Diagnostic |
Respiratory swab |
n = 36 COVID
pos vs n = 42 respiratory
disease control |
Lateral flow-based assay (40 min turnaround) |
(87) |
| IgG,
IgA, and IgM |
Diagnostic |
Whole Blood (DBS) |
n = 31 DBS
serum matched (COVID) 17 DBS only healthy |
ELISA |
10.3201/eid2612.203309(88) |
| Nucleocapsid
protein of SARS-CoV-2 |
Diagnostic |
Urine |
239 COVID pos (Wuhan) and 20 from Chongqing |
Immunochromatographic
assay 10 min turn around |
10.1101/2020.03.07.20032524(89) |
| Adjunctive
test viral RNA and IgM and IgG |
Diagnostic only: antibodies
concentrations exhibited no differences
among three (moderate, severe, critical) subgroups |
Nasopharyngeal
swabs and serum samples |
133 COVID-19 patients, there
were 44 moderate cases, 52 severe
cases, and 37 critical cases with no differences in gender and age
among three subgroups |
ELISA + RT-PCR |
10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106746(90) |
| (CSF white
blood cell count, neopterin, β2-microglobulin
(β2M), and immunoglobulin G-index), blood-brain-barrier (BBB)
integrity (albumin ratio), and axonal injury (CSF neurofilament light
chain protein [NfL] |
detected... |
CSF |
n = 6 moderate
to severe |
light beam analyzer and immunoassay |
10.1212/WNL.0000000000010977(91) |
| List of proteins associated with altered coagulation
and complement
and IL-6 pathways |
Diagnostic |
serum |
n = 49 of which
33 were COVID-19 positive |
timsTOF Evosep |
10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00365(37) |
| 27 proteins
complement factors, the coagulation system, inflammation
modulators, and pro-inflammatory factors upstream and downstream of interleukin 6 |
Prognostic |
serum and plasma |
n = 199 |
LC-MS/MS SWATH |
10.1016/j.cels.2020.05.012(92) |
| Urine tests
revealed that low β2-microglobulin and liver-type
fatty acid-binding protein levels were associated with mild disease,
whereas high levels were associated with severe disease |
Prognostic |
Urine |
n = 12 severe, n = 13 moderate, n = 33 mild |
Immunoassay |
10.1097/CCE.0000000000000170(93) |
| IL-6 strong
predictor of fatal outcome |
Prognostic |
Blood test |
n = 611 included.
Analysis on n = 433 |
Flow cytometry |
10.1016/j.jaci.2020.07.009(36) |
| IL-6 correlated
with CT results, also patients with severe
disease showed significantly elevated level of D-dimer, ESR, LDH,
CRP, and ferritin than those with nonsevere disease |
Prognostic |
Plasma |
n = 69 severe |
ELISA |
10.15252/emmm.202012421(39) |
| IL-2, IL-6,
IL-8, IL-10 increased in severe cases; Lymphocyte
count decreased with increased severity, IL-2R/lymphocytes were superior
compared with other markers for the identification of COVID-19 with
critical illness |
Prognostic |
Serum |
n = 168 mild, n = 169 severe, n = 52 critical |
ELISA |
10.1111/cei.13450(35) |
| Chemical parameters
of urine such as urine occult blood (BLOOD),
proteinuria (PRO), bilirubin, urobilinogen, potential of hydrogen
(pH), specific gravity (SG), ketone (KET), urine glucose (GLU-U),
nitrite and leukocytes (LEU) |
Prognostic |
Urine |
45 healthy, 67 mild, 42 severe, 10 critical |
Chemical parameters of urine such as urine occult blood (BLOOD),
proteinuria (PRO), bilirubin, urobilinogen, potential of hydrogen
(pH), specific gravity (SG), ketone (KET), urine glucose (GLU-U),
nitrite, and leukocytes (LEU) |
10.1515/cclm-2020-0220(94) |
| 56 proteins
distinguish between mild and severe: pathways =
complement activation, regulation of immune response, cellular oxidant
detoxification, cellular response to hypoxia, and oxidative stress
induced apoptosis |
Prognostic |
Urine |
32 healthy, 6 COVID-19 pos: 3 severe, 3 mild |
LC-MS/MS (Lumos DDA) |
10.1101/2020.05.02.20088666(95) |
| 93 proteins
and 204 metabolites differentially expressed between
severe and nonsevere |
Prognostic |
Serum |
n = 28 healthy, n = 25 disease control, n = 37 nonsevere, n = 28 severe |
DDA
QeHFx and for metabo-UPHLC and waters instrument |
10.1016/j.cell.2020.05.032(33) |
| Peptide Sequences
for Nucleoprotein (DQVILLNK + ADETQALPQR)
and Spike Glycoprotein (NIDGYFK + FQTLALHR) |
Diagnostic |
Culture Lung Epithelial Cell Mucus Secretions |
Proof of concept study |
LC-MS/MS DDA and PRM (Q-Exactive
HF-X) |
10.1021/acs.analchem.0c02288(96) |
| Machine-learning-based
selection of 11 proteins with combinations
for clinical outcome prediction; COVID-19 positive vs Healthy prediction
[orosomucoid-1/alpha-1-acid glycoprotein-1(ORM1/AGP1), ORM2, fetuin-B
(FETUB), and cholesteryl estertransfer protein (CETP)]; Severity prediction
with or without fatal outcome (CETP, S100A9, C-reactive protein);
Mild vs Severe Symptom Outcome Prediction [zinc-a2-glycoprotein 1
(AZGP1), ORM2, and complement factor I (CFI)]; Convalescence prediction
[serine proteinase inhibitor A3/a1-antichymotrypsin (SER-PINA3/ACT),
lymphocyte cytosolic protein 1/L-plastin (LCP1/LPL), and peptidase
inhibitor 16 (PI16)]; Host plasma protein alterations (Elevated ORM1,
ORM2, S100A9, CRP, AZGP1, CFI, SERPINA3/ACT, LCP1/LPL; Reduced FETUB,
CETP, and PI16) |
Prognostic |
Plasma |
Initial cohort for Machine Learning: n = 30 (Fatal outcome = 5; Severe symptoms
= 7; Mild symptoms = 10; Healthy patients without COVID-19 = 8); Expanded
cohort for biomarker validation: n = 160 (fatal = 40, severe = 40, mild = 40, healthy
= 40) |
Tandem Mass Tag DDA LC-MS/MS (Q-Exactive HF-X) |
(32) |
| COVID20:
20 urinary peptides for prognosis of critical and
fatal outcomes of COVID-19 disease |
Prognostic |
Urine |
Pilot: COVID-19 patients (n = 15), Matched controls (n = 45) |
P/ACE-MDQ
CE micrOTOF and Dionex Ultimate 3000 RSLS nanoflow
system or Beckman CE, with Orbitrap Q Exactive plus |
(44) |
| Early disease
stage inflammation-associated proteins and sustained
apoptosis and hyperinflammation-associated proteins differentiate
severe (ICU) from moderate (non-ICU) patients [ICU have elevated OSM,
S100A12, IL-6, HGF, and CCL7] and distinguish hospitalized (ICU and
non-ICU) from healthy controls [hospitalized have elevated CASP8,
IFNγ, IL-18R, and CCL8] |
Prognostic |
Plasma |
n = 15 severe, n = 25 moderate, n = 119 healthy controls (n = 18 clinical blood analyses, n = 18 plasma proteins, n = 70 antibody reactivities) |
Olink and Legendplex |
(42) |
