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. 2021 Sep;13(9):5556–5571. doi: 10.21037/jtd-20-3328

Figure 5.

Figure 5

Treatment Algorithm for AS. First-line therapy involves corticosteroids. Second-line agents are azathioprine, mycophenolate, tacrolimus. Third-line agents, or rescue therapy include cyclophosphamide and rituximab. Cyclophosphamide can be considered first line for severe/rapidly declining respiratory failure.