Table 1.
Subject’s basic clinical characteristics.
| Observation indicators | Control (n = 201) | Simple DM (n = 751) | NHADKD (n = 164) | χ2 | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex (male/female) | 118/83 | 423/328 | 87/77 | 1.177 | 0.555 |
| Age (years) | 50.9 ± 11.1 | 49.3 ± 10.7 | 50.7 ± 11.1 | 2.532 | 0.080 |
| Cardiovascular diseases (n (%)) | — | 121 (16.1) | 65 (39.6) | 44.545 | <0.001 |
| Retinopathy (n (%)) | — | 0 (0.0) | 22 (13.4) | 97.588 | <0.001 |
| Hypertension (n (%)) | — | 56 (7.5) | 33 (20.1) | 23.169 | <0.001 |
| Dyslipidemia (n (%))* | — | 442 (58.9) | 108 (65.8) | 2.466 | 0.116 |
| ACR (mg/gCr) | 6.18 (4.82, 8.34) | 8.86 (6.75, 13.24) | 11.36 (8.18, 14.45) | 154.976 | <0.001 |
| Cr (μmol/L) | 59.3 (51.1, 66.4) | 60.4 (48.0, 72.4) | 93.2 (80.7, 113.2) | 297.835 | <0.001 |
| CysC (mg/L) | 0.81 (0.72, 0.88) | 0.87 (0.77, 1.01) | 1.54 (1.35, 1.71) | 394.405 | <0.001 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.72 m2) | 91.1 (83.8, 102.2) | 96.5 (80.0, 107.9) | 47.1 (43.3, 56.9) | 390.907 | <0.001 |
| ACR distribution (n (%)) | |||||
| <10 mg/gCr | — | 448 | 69 | 16.909 | <0.001 |
| ⩾10 mg/gCr | — | 303 | 95 | ||
| GFR staging | |||||
| G1 | — | 486 (64.7) | 0 (0.0) | 656.218 | <0.001 |
| G2 | — | 220 (29.3) | 9 (5.5) | ||
| G3a | — | 45 (6.0) | 85 (51.8) | ||
| G3b | — | 0 (0.0) | 62 (37.8) | ||
| G4 | — | 0 (0.0) | 8 (4.9) | ||
Note. The difference in age was compared by one-way ANOVA, and in ACR and eGFR was compared by Kruskal-Wallis test, and for the others by chi-square test.
Simple DM: simple diabetes mellitus (ACR < 30 mg/gCr); NHADKD: non-high albuminuria diabetic kidney disease; ACR: albumin to creatinine ratio; Cr: creatinine; CysC: cystatin C; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate.
*
Dyslipidemia was defined as any of the total-Chol, triglyceride, HDL-Chol, and/or LDL-Chol level that exceeds the corresponding limit recommended by the AACE 2017 Guidelines.15,16
“—” Means control subjects are not involved.