Table 2.

Effects of reading frequencies (higher versus lower) on decline in cognitive function among the TLSA participants with SPMSQ errors ≤ 2 at baseline

	6 years		10 years		14 years
years of follow-up	aor	(95% ci)	aor	(95% ci)	aor	(95% ci)
Crude	0.27	(0.19–0.38)	0.35	(0.25–0.49)	0.43	(0.31–0.61)
Model 1	0.40	(0.27–0.58)	0.46	(0.32–0.66)	0.46	(0.31–0.67)
Model 2	0.59	(0.38–0.92)	0.59	(0.39–0.91)	0.60	(0.39–0.92)
Model 3	0.54	(0.34–0.86)	0.58	(0.37–0.92)	0.54	(0.34–0.86)
Model 4	0.50	(0.29–0.85)	0.53	(0.32–0.88)	0.55	(0.33–0.90)
Model 5	0.62	(0.39–1.00)	0.59	(0.38–0.93)	0.53	(0.33–0.84)
Model 6	0.61	(0.42–0.88)	0.54	(0.36–0.79)	0.51	(0.35–0.73)

Decline is defined by an increase of two or more SPMSQ errors between baseline and end-point years.

Model 1: Adjusted for age and sex.

Model 2: Model 1 plus educational level.

Model 3: Model 2 plus marital status, ethnicity, perceived financial status, smoking, alcohol drinking, outdoor activities, physical function, self-reported diabetes, stroke, number of comorbidities, sight problems, and the number of SPMSQ errors at baseline.

Model 4: Model 3 excluding the illiterate.

Model 5: Model 3 plus watching TV/listening to radio, playing games, and visiting or hanging out with acquaintances.

Model 6: Model 3 using inverse probability weighting method.