Table 3.

Effects of reading frequencies on decline in cognitive function among the TLSA participants with inclusion of those with SPMSQ errors >2 at baseline

	6 years		10 years		14 years
years of follow-up	aor	(95% ci)	aor	(95% ci)	aor	(95% ci)
Crude	0.28	(0.20–0.40)	0.40	(0.29–0.55)	0.52	(0.37–0.72)
Model 6	0.43	(0.30–0.63)	0.53	(0.37–0.76)	0.50	(0.34–0.73)
Model 7	0.62	(0.40–0.96)	0.68	(0.44–1.04)	0.64	(0.41–0.98)
Model 8	0.59	(0.37–0.93)	0.60	(0.38–0.93)	0.55	(0.35–0.86)
Model 9	0.49	(0.29–0.84)	0.53	(0.32–0.88)	0.57	(0.35–0.93)
Model 10	0.67	(0.42–1.07)	0.62	(0.39–0.98)	0.54	(0.34–0.81)
Model 11	0.63	(0.45–0.87)	0.55	(0.38–0.79)	0.56	(0.40–0.80)

Decline is defined by an increase of two or more SPMSQ errors between baseline and end-point years; participants having baseline SPMSQ errors ≥8 were not included since the definition of cognitive decline in terms of an increase of two or more errors did not apply to them.

Model 6: Adjusted for age and sex.

Model 7: Model 6 plus educational level.

Model 8: Model 7 plus marital status, ethnicity, perceived financial status, smoking, alcohol drinking, outdoor activities, physical function, self-reported diabetes, stroke, number of comorbidities, sight problems, and the number of SPMSQ errors at baseline.

Model 9: Model 8 excluding the illiterate.

Model 10: Model 8 plus watching TV/listening to radio, playing games, and visiting or hanging out with acquaintances.

Model 11: Model 8 using inverse probability weighting method.