Table 3.
Chracteristics of of several clinical parameters, oxidative stress-related markers, and mRNA of antioxidant enzymes
| Variables | No smoking | Past smoking | Present smoking | p | Exercise habits (−) | Exercise habits (+) | p | Alcohol (−) | Alcohol (+) | p | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 217) | (n = 75) | (n = 100) | (n = 169) | (n = 187) | (n = 170) | (n = 222) | ||||||||
| Age | 46.52 ± 7.65 | 47.2 ± 7.06 | 46.37 ± 7.92 | 0.448 | 46.71 ± 7.21 | 46.27 ± 7.8 | 0.381 | 46.55 ± 7.65 | 46.83 ± 7.59 | 0.662 | ||||
| Sex (male/female) | 74/143 | 60/15 | 87/13 | <0.001 | 79/90 | 114/73 | <0.01 | 69/101 | 152/70 | <0.001 | ||||
| BMI | 21.97 ± 4.44 | 24.30 ± 4.21*** | 24.90 ± 4.64*** | <0.0001 | 23.94 ± 5.14 | 23.31 ± 4.47 | 0.385 | 22.36 ± 4.56 | 23.78 ± 4.62 | 0.001 | ||||
| Systolic blood pressure | 111.7 ± 17.72 | 118.30 ± 16.26** | 113.3 ± 15.97 | 0.006 | 112.9 ± 16.96 | 113 ± 17.18 | 0.839 | 110.4 ± 16.99 | 115.6 ± 16.98 | 0.002 | ||||
| Diastolic blood pressure | 71.63 ± 12.09 | 74.75 ± 10.86 | 72.63 ± 11.57 | 0.06 | 72.50 ± 12.08 | 72.5 ± 11.75 | 0.778 | 70.16 ± 11.31 | 74.26 ± 11.82 | 0.001 | ||||
| WBC | 4,927 ± 1,223 | 4,999 ± 1,236*** | 5,969 ± 1,960*** | <0.001 | 5,374 ± 1,682 | 5,010 ± 1,291 | 0.049 | 5,182 ± 1,447 | 5,211 ± 1,554 | 0.861 | ||||
| ALT (U/L) | 20.11 ± 5.25 | 24.97 ± 14.42* | 27.28 ± 22.18*** | <0.001 | 23.08 ± 18.91 | 21.57 ± 7.06 | 0.162 | 21.09 ± 12.72 | 24.23 ± 17.11 | 0.011 | ||||
| TG (mg/dl) | 80.12 ± 49.86 | 97.83 ± 61.75* | 131.2 ± 106.0*** | <0.0001 | 101.3 ± 75.07 | 91.35 ± 70.59 | 0.906 | 83.93 ± 46.63 | 106.2 ± 87.58 | 0.016 | ||||
| LDL-c (mg/dl) | 129.7 ± 28.60 | 133.5 ± 43.04 | 133.90 ± 33.24 | 0.608 | 132.7 ± 32.63 | 130.6 ± 33.68 | 0.382 | 137.2 ± 34.46 | 126.9 ± 31.10 | 0.002 | ||||
| Uric acid (mg/dl) | 5.00 ± 1.33 | 5.97 ± 1.13*** | 5.97 ± 1.44*** | <0.0001 | 5.35 ± 1.48 | 5.41 ± 1.36 | 0.537 | 5.03 ± 1.33 | 5.72 ± 1.40 | <0.001 | ||||
| HbA1c (%) | 5.63 ± 0.32 | 5.62 ± 0.24 | 5.72 ± 0.56 | 0.148 | 5.68 ± 0.49 | 5.62 ± 0.28 | 0.210 | 5.65 ± 0.29 | 5.65 ± 0.45 | 0.437 | ||||
| FPG (mg/dl) | 97.88 ± 12.89 | 101.3 ± 9.45** | 102.3 ± 12.83** | <0.001 | 100.4 ± 16.07 | 98.9 ± 8.81 | 0.855 | 96.94 ± 8.56 | 101.7 ± 14.37 | <0.001 | ||||
| MDA (μM) | 0.23 ± 0.05 | 0.24 ± 0.06 | 0.23 ± 0.06 | 0.287 | 0.23 ± 0.06 | 0.229 ± 0.06 | 0.305 | 0.225 ± 0.05 | 0.230 ± 0.06 | 0.009 | ||||
| SOD1 | 1.85 ± 4.91 | 1.62 ± 2.77 | 1.36 ± 1.64 | 0.376 | 1.45 ± 2.44 | 1.95 ± 5.13 | 0.268 | 1.70 ± 5.00 | 1.66 ± 2.87 | 0.07 | ||||
| SOD2 | 0.57 ± 0.61 | 0.60 ± 0.46 | 0.52 ± 0.48 | 0.152 | 0.50 ± 0.44 | 0.64 ± 0.66 | <0.01 | 0.54 ± 0.65 | 0.58 ± 0.46 | 0.004 | ||||
| GPX1 | 0.47 ± 0.59 | 0.57 ± 0.60 | 0.45 ± 0.38 | 0.210 | 0.45 ± 0.53 | 0.53 ± 0.59 | 0.056 | 0.43 ± 0.50 | 0.53 ± 0.57 | <0.001 | ||||
| CAT | 0.44 ± 0.53 | 0.48 ± 0.43 | 0.39 ± 0.45 | 0.097 | 0.41 ± 0.52 | 0.46 ± 0.48 | 0.217 | 0.40 ± 0.42 | 0.46 ± 0.55 | 0.09 | ||||
| mtDNA | 2.78 ± 1.00 | 3.04 ± 1.00* | 3.20 ± 1.44** | 0.002 | 2.80 ± 1.11 | 2.99 ± 1.07 | 0.033 | 2.02 ± 1.28 | 2.97 ± 1.02 | 0.06 | ||||
| Exercise habit (−/+) | 90/112 | 31/40 | 48/35 | 0.170 | 78/78 | 91/109 | 0.40 | |||||||
| Alcohol consumption (−/+) | 119/98 | 16/59 | 35/65 | <0.0001 | 78/91 | 77/110 | 0.334 |
Data are mean ± SEM or number of subjects. *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001 vs nonsmoking group. BMI, body mass index; WBC, white blood cell; ALT, aminotransferase; TG, triglyceride; LDL-c, low density lipoprotein cholesterol; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; MDA, malondialdehyde; SOD, superoxide dismutase; mRNA, messenger ribonucleic acid; GPX, glutathione peroxidase; CAT, catalase; mtDNA, mitchondrial deoxyribonucleic acid.