Table 4.

Between- and within-person associations between nonstandard work schedules and resources for parental functioning.

Mothers
		Model 1 (n# = 6146)		Model 2 (n = 6146)		Model 3 (n = 6141)		Model 4 (n = 5995)		Model 5 (n = 5907)
		Coeff	SE	Coeff	SE	Coeff	SE	Coeff	SE	Coeff	SE
Psychological distress (6−30)	Within-person effect	−0.05	0.10	−0.04	0.10	−0.04	0.10	−0.11	0.11	−0.10	0.11
	Between-person effect	0.21	0.17	0.20	0.17	0.18	0.17	−0.01	0.17	−0.01	0.16
		Model 1 (n# = 6054)		Model 2 (n = 6054)		Model 3 (n = 6048)		Model 4 (n = 5967)		Model 5 (n = 5907)
		Coeff	SE	Coeff	SE	Coeff	SE	Coeff	SE	Coeff	SE
Work-family conflict (1–5)	Within-person effect	0.01	0.03	0.01	0.03	0.02	0.03	0.03	0.03	0.04	0.03
	Between-person effect	−0.13**	0.05	−0.12**	0.05	−0.10*	0.05	−0.04	0.05	−0.05	0.04
		Model 1 (n# = 6135)		Model 2 (n = 6135)		Model 3 (n = 6129)		Model 4 (n = 5982)		Model 5 (n = 5907)
		Coeff	SE	Coeff	SE	Coeff	SE	Coeff	SE	Coeff	SE
Relationship quality (1–5)	Within-person effect	0.04*	0.02	0.04	0.02*	0.04†	0.02	0.03	0.02	0.02	0.02
	Between-person effect	−0.06	0.04	−0.06	0.04	−0.07	0.04	−0.08†	0.04	−0.09*	0.04
Fathers
		Model 1 (n# = 6120)		Model 2 (n = 6120)		Model 3 (n = 6069)		Model 4 (n = 5878)		Model 5 (n = 5850)
		Coeff	SE	Coeff	SE	Coeff	SE	Coeff	SE	Coeff	SE
Psychological distress (6−30)	Within-person effect	0.14	0.11	0.15	0.11	0.16	0.11	0.16	0.12	0.10	0.11
	Between-person effect	0.10	0.17	0.08	0.17	0.14	0.17	−0.09	0.19	−0.16	0.17
		Model 1 (n# = 6104)		Model 2 (n = 6104)		Model 3 (n = 6051)		Model 4 (n = 5925)		Model 5 (n = 5850)
		Coeff	SE	Coeff	SE	Coeff	SE	Coeff	SE	Coeff	SE
Work-family conflict (1–5)	Within-person effect	0.04	0.03	0.03	0.03	0.03	0.03	0.03	0.03	0.02	0.03
	Between-person effect	0.13**	0.04	0.13***	0.04	0.14***	0.04	0.08†	0.04	0.09*	0.04
		Model 1 (n# = 6153)		Model 2 (n = 6153)		Model 3 (n = 6098)		Model 4 (n = 5907)		Model 5 (n = 5850)
		Coeff	SE	Coeff	SE	Coeff	SE	Coeff	SE	Coeff	SE
Relationship quality (1–5)	Within-person effect	−0.04†	0.02	−0.04†	0.02	−0.04†	0.02	−0.05*	0.02	−0.04*	0.02
	Between-person effect	−0.01	0.04	−0.01	0.04	−0.02	0.04	0.02	0.05	0.01	0.04

^#In this table, n represents number of observations.

^‡ For occupation, Managers are reference group.

† sig at 0.1 level, * sig at 0.05 level, **sig at 0.01 level, ***sig at 0.001 level.

Model 1: own work schedules. Model 2: including variables in Model 1 + partner's work schedules. Model 3: including variables in Model 2 + number of children, infant at home, socioeconomic status, age, share of domestic work. Model 4: including variables in Model 3 + work hours, partner's work hours, job quality and occupation. Model 5: including variables in Model 4 + the other two psychological resources. See supplementary tables for the effects for covariates included in the sequential models.