Table 1.
Participant characteristics for children in eligible school years (n=803) and children of key workers (n=570) by school attendance
| Level | Children in eligible school years | Children of key workers | |||||||
| Did not attend school, n (%) | Attended school, n (%) | OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI)‡ | Did not attend school, n (%) | Attended school, n (%) | OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI)‡ | ||
| Gender | Male | 201 (52) | 187 (48) | 1.22 (0.92 to 1.61) | 1.04 (0.75 to 1.43) | 227 (85) | 39 (15) | 1.53 (0.92 to 2.55) | 1.61 (0.91 to 2.85) |
| Female | 230 (57) | 177 (43) | Reference | Reference | 268 (90) | 30 (10) | Reference | Reference | |
| Age (years) | 18–35 | 129 (49) | 136 (51) | 1.37 (0.92 to 2.03) | 1.23 (0.79 to 1.92) | 54 (77) | 16 (23) | 3.16* (1.56 to 6.37) | 2.95* (1.23 to 7.08) |
| 36–45 | 212 (56) | 164 (44) | 1.01 (0.70 to 1.46) | 0.98 (0.65 to 1.48) | 198 (86) | 33 (14) | 1.76* (1.01 to 3.12) | 2.14* (1.12 to 4.09) | |
| More than and equal to 46 years | 91 (56.5) | 70 (43.5) | Reference | Reference | 245 (91) | 23 (9) | Reference | Reference | |
| Region | East Midlands | 33 (60) | 22 (40) | 0.50* (0.27 to 0.93) | 0.59 (0.31 to 1.14) | 45 (85) | 8 (15) | 0.85 (0.32 to 2.22) | 1.23 (0.40 to 3.75) |
| East of England | 38 (48) | 41 (52) | 0.81 (0.48 to 1.38) | 0.92 (0.52 to 1.64) | 54 (82) | 12 (18) | 1.06 (0.45 to 2.52) | 1.38 (0.50 to 3.81) | |
| North East | 33 (67) | 16 (33) | 0.36* (0.19 to 0.71) | 0.38* (0.81 to 0.78) | 32 (89) | 4 (11) | 0.60 (0.18 to 1.98) | 0.93 (0.25 to 3.46) | |
| North West | 68 (65) | 36 (35) | 0.40† (0.24 to 0.66) | 0.39* (0.23 to 0.68) | 80 (93) | 6 (7) | 0.36* (0.13 to 0.99) | 0.61 (0.19 to 1.89) | |
| South East | 70 (51) | 66 (49) | 0.71 (0.45 to 1.11) | 0.92 (0.56 to 1.52) | 82 (89) | 10 (11) | 0.58 (0.24 to 1.94) | 0.81 (0.29 to 2.29) | |
| South West | 24 (46) | 28 (54) | 0.88 (0.47 to 1.63) | 1.16 (0.58 to 2.31) | 42 (87.5) | 6 (12.5) | 0.68 (0.42 to 1.94) | 1.18 (0.37 to 3.82) | |
| West Midlands | 39 (56) | 30 (44) | 0.58 (0.33 to 1.01) | 0.63 (0.34 to 1.18) | 48 (89) | 6 (11) | 0.60 (0.21 to 1.68) | 0.84 (0.27 to 2.60) | |
| Yorkshire and the Humber | 52 (62) | 31 (37) | 0.45* (0.26 to 0.76) | 0.52* (0.29 to 0.93) | 52 (88) | 7 (12) | 0.64 (0.24 to 1.73) | 0.80 (0.27 to 2.41) | |
| London | 75 (43) | 100 (57) | Reference | Reference | 62 (83) | 13 (17) | Reference | Reference | |
| Household income | ≤£34 999 | 164 (54) | 142 (46 | 1.00 (0.75 to 1.33) | 1.34 (0.95 to 1.90) | 185 (89) | 23 (11) | 0.75 (0.44 to 1.28) | 0.96 (0.51 to 1.81) |
| ≥£35 000 | 254 (54) | 220 (46) | Reference | Reference | 285 (86) | 47 (14) | Reference | Reference | |
| Employment status§ | Working | 362 (52) | 337 (48) | 1.95* (1.25 to 3.05) | 1.94* (1.16 to 3.24) | 435 (86) | 70 (14) | 9.33* (1.27 to 68.47) | 8.64* (1.13 to 65.96) |
| Not working | 67 (68) | 32 (32) | Reference | Reference | 58 (98) | 1 (2) | Reference | Reference | |
| Education level | ≤A-level | 179 (63) | 105 (37) | 0.56† (0.41 to 0.75) | 0.59* (0.42 to 0.84) | 227 (88) | 31 (12) | 0.91 (0.55 to 1.51) | 1.27 (0.71 to 2.26) |
| ≥Degree | 248 (49) | 261 (51) | Reference | Reference | 267 (87) | 40 (13) | Reference | Reference | |
| Marital status | Living alone | 49 (48) | 54 (52) | 1.34 (0.88 to 2.02) | 1.30 (0.82 to 2.06) | 75 (88) | 10 (12) | 0.91 (0.45 to 1.85) | 0.92 (0.41 to 2.03) |
| Married/cohabiting | 383 (55) | 316 (45) | Reference | Reference | 422 (87) | 62 (13) | Reference | Reference | |
| Ethnicity | White | 355 (53) | 316 (47) | 1.23 (0.84 to 1.12) | 1.66* (1.07 to 2.58) | 450 (87) | 65 (13) | 1.04 (0.42 to 2.53) | 1.47 (0.53 to 4.13) |
| BAME | 72 (58) | 52 (42) | Reference | Reference | 43 (78) | 12 (22) | Reference | Reference | |
| Child gender | Boy | 230 (51.5) | 217 (48.5) | 1.25 (0.94 to 1.65) | 1.15 (0.85 to 1.56) | 244 (87) | 36 (13) | 1.04 (0.63 to 1.70) | 0.96 (0.56 to 1.66) |
| Girl | 202 (57) | 153 (43) | Reference | Reference | 253 (87.5) | 36 (12.5) | Reference | Reference | |
| School year | Early years | 77 (59) | 53 (41) | 0.74 (0.50 to 1.10) | 0.79 (0.51 to 1.23) | ¶ | ¶ | ¶ | ¶ |
| Key stage 1 | 157 (54) | 132 (46) | 0.90 (0.66 to 1.22) | 0.88 (0.63 to 1.24) | 30 (86) | 5 (14) | 2.10 (0.57 to 7.81) | 1.52 (0.37 to 6.30) | |
| Key stage 2 | 198 (52) | 185 (48) | Reference | Reference | 120 (86) | 20 (15) | 2.10 (0.75 to 5.86) | 1.45 (0.47 to 4.44) | |
| Key stage 3 | ¶ | ¶ | ¶ | ¶ | 152 (87) | 23 (13) | 1.91 (0.69 to 5.24) | 1.58 (0.55 to 4.55) | |
| Key stage 4 | ¶ | ¶ | ¶ | ¶ | 132 (87) | 19 (13) | 1.81 (0.65 to 5.08) | 1.44 (0.49 to 4.24) | |
| Years 12 and 13 | ¶ | ¶ | ¶ | ¶ | 63 (93) | 5 (7) | Reference | Reference | |
| School type | Fee paying | 35 (33) | 71 (67) | 2.68† (1.74 to 4.13) | 2.50† (1.56 to 4.00) | 30 (77) | 9 (23) | 2.20* (1.00 to 4.85) | 2.04 (0.82 to 5.07) |
| State funded | 395 (57) | 299 (43) | Reference | Reference | 462 (88) | 63 (12) | Reference | Reference | |
| Child has SEN | Yes | 22 (31) | 48 (69) | 2.78† (1.64 to 4.70) | 2.30* (1.27 to 4.17) | 28 (61) | 18 (39) | 5.74† (2.97 to 11.08) | 7.92† (3.59 to 17.46) |
| No | 406 (56) | 319 (44) | Reference | Reference | 464 (90) | 52 (10) | Reference | Reference | |
| Low child well-being | Yes | 92 (42) | 124 (57) | 1.86† (1.36 to 2.55) | 1.47* (1.04 to 2.07) | 127 (82) | 28 (18) | 1.85* (1.11 to 3.10) | 1.78* (1.00 to 3.21) |
| No | 340 (58) | 246 (42) | Reference | Reference | 370 (89) | 44 (11) | Reference | Reference | |
| Child vulnerable COVID-19 | Yes | 28 (39) | 44 (61) | 2.00* (1.21 to 3.28) | 1.76* (1.00 to 3.10) | 33 (82.5) | 7 (17.5) | 1.49 (0.63 to 3.50) | 0.93 (0.33 to 2.63) |
| No | 401 (56) | 316 (44) | Reference | Reference | 455 (87.5) | 65 (12.5) | Reference | Reference | |
| Household vulnerable COVID-19 | Yes | 115 (60) | 78 (40) | 0.78 (0.56 to 1.08) | 0.74 (0.51 to 1.06) | 134 (88) | 18 (12) | 0.90 (0.50 to 1.60) | 0.56 (0.44 to 1.67) |
| No | 295 (53) | 258 (47) | Reference | Reference | 314 (87) | 47 (13) | Reference | Reference | |
| Child COVID-19 symptoms | Yes | 15 (24) | 47 (76) | 5.05† (2.22 to 7.36) | 3.02* (1.49 to 6.15) | 11 (58) | 8 (42) | 5.52† (2.14 to 14.24) | 5.25* (1.58 to 17.41) |
| No | 417 (56) | 323 (44) | Reference | Reference | 486 (88) | 64 (12) | Reference | Reference | |
| Household COVID-19 symptoms | Yes | 9 (17) | 43 (83) | 6.18† (2.97 to 12.86) | 6.04† (2.62 to 13.91) | 13 (65) | 7 (35) | 4.00* (1.54 to 10.42) | 4.11* (1.26 to 13.44) |
| No | 423 (56) | 327 (43) | Reference | Reference | 484 (88) | 65 (12) | Reference | Reference | |
| Child has had or currently has COVID-19 | Yes | 36 (24) | 112 (76) | 4.78† (3.18 to 7.17) | 4.03† (2.57 to 6.30) | 40 (67) | 20 (33) | 4.40† (2.40 to 8.08) | 5.20† (2.48 to 10.93) |
| No | 396 (61) | 258 (37) | Reference | Reference | 457 (90) | 52 (10) | Reference | Reference | |
| Someone over 70 years | Yes | 11 (26) | 32 (74) | 3.62† (1.80 to 7.30) | 3.19* (1.45 to 7.05) | 8 (57) | 6 (43) | 5.56* (1.87 to 16.52) | 3.49* (0.98 to 12.46) |
| No | 421 (55.5) | 338 (44.5) | Reference | Reference | 489 (88) | 66 (12) | Reference | Reference | |
Decimal places have been used for rounding errors.
*P≤ 0.05 and formatted bold.
†P≤ 0.001 and formatted bold.
‡Adjusting for participant gender, age, region, household income, employment status, education level, marital status, ethnicity and the child’s gender, school year and school type.
§Working includes students and volunteers.
¶Data not applicable for the sample.
BAME, black, Asian and minority ethnicity; SEN, special educational need.