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. 2021 Sep 30;9:162. doi: 10.1186/s40478-021-01259-7

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 8 — PS deficiency causes abnormal NF levels and pathological β-sheet protein structures. a Representative immunohistological images of NF-L in the hippocampus of 6 month-old WT, PS1 cKO, PS cKO, Tau, PS1 cKO;Tau and PS cKO;Tau mice. Insets: magnified images indicated by squares showing prominent NF-L somatic staining in hippocampal neurons of PS cKO;Tau mice. Scale bar = 100 μm. b Left: Biochemical analysis of hippocampal lysates using SMI312 (NF-M/H) and NF-L antibodies. Right: Quantification of NF-H (~ 200 kDa), NF-M (~ 150 kDa), SMI-labeled (~ 60–70 kDa) and NF-L (~ 70 kDa) bands in independent membranes. Protein levels were normalized to GAPDH. Values represent mean ± s.e.m. (n = 4 mice/group). Statistical analysis was determined by two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc tests. ***P < 0.001. c Synchrotron-based µFTIR analysis of the retrosplenial cortex (RSC) and corpus callosum (CC) of WT and PS cKO;Tau mice at 6 months of age. Second derivative absorbances (d²A) of β-sheet/α-helix (d²A₁₆₃₅/d²A₁₆₅₆), and β-intermolecular/Amide I (d²A₁₆₂₅/d²A_1635+1656) and β-antiparallel/Amide I (d²A₁₆₉₅/d²A_1635+1656) protein structures. Values represent the minimum, the maximum and the median of the average of 100 spectra/mouse (n = 4 mice/group). Statistical analysis was determined by one-way ANOVA followed by Sidak’s post hoc tests. *P < 0.05, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001. d Representative infrared heat maps of β-intermolecular/Amide I (left images; scale bar = 50 μm) and consecutive immunohistological sections of aggregated tau detected by MC1 staining (middle images) and Congo red staining (right images; scale bar = 25 μm) in the RSC and CC of WT and PS cKO;Tau mice.