Table 2.
Summary of studies and their findings on the relationship between electronic media devices and sleep outcomes among 0–5-year-olds
| Electronic media device | Measured at bedtime | Sleep outcomes | Study design | Quality Assessment | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Delayed bedtime or sleep onset latency | Poor sleep quality | Short sleep duration | Daytime sleep duration/ Daytime tiredness | ||||
| Television | |||||||
| Beyens 2019 | No | + | +/0 | + | Cross-sectional | Moderate | |
| Yes | + | +/0 | 0 | ||||
| Cespedes 2014 | No | + | Cohort study | Moderate | |||
| Cheung 2017 | No | 0 | 0 | 0 | + | Cross-sectional | Moderate |
| Marinelli 2014 | No | + | Cohort study | Moderate | |||
| McDonald 2014 | Yes | + | Cross-sectional | Moderate | |||
| Moorman 2019 | No | 0 | + | + | Cross-sectional | Moderate | |
| Yes | + | + | 0 | ||||
| Plancoulaine 2018 | No | + | Cohort study | Moderate | |||
| Video game (console) | |||||||
| Beyens 2019 | No | 0 | 0 | 0 | Cross-sectional | Moderate | |
| Yes | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||
| Moorman 2019 | No | + | 0 | 0 | Cross-sectional | Moderate | |
| Yes | + | 0 | |||||
| Nathanson 2018 | No | 0 | 0 | 0 | Cross-sectional | Moderate | |
| Yes | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||
| Mobile phone | |||||||
| Beyens 2019 | No | 0 | 0 | +/0 | Cross-sectional | Moderate | |
| Yes | 0 | 0 | + | ||||
| Nathanson 2018 | No | 0 | 0 | 0 | Cross-sectional | Moderate | |
| Yes | + | 0 | 0 | ||||
| Touchscreen/tablet | |||||||
| Beyens 2019 | No | + | +/0 | + | Cross-sectional | Moderate | |
| Yes | + | +/0 | +/0 | ||||
| Cheung 2017 | No | + | 0 | + | 0 | Cross-sectional | Moderate |
| Nathanson 2018 | No | + | + | 0 | Cross-sectional | Moderate | |
| Yes | + | + | 0 | ||||
| Computer/internet | |||||||
| Beyens 2019 | No | 0 | 0 | 0 | Cross-sectional | Moderate | |
| Yes | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||
| Moorman 2019 | No | 0 | +/0 | 0 | Cross-sectional | Moderate | |
| Yes | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||
| Nathanson 2018 | No | 0 | 0 | 0 | Cross-sectional | Moderate | |
| Yes | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||
| Total screen time | |||||||
| Parent 2016 | No | + | + | Cross-sectional | Moderate | ||
| Ribner 2019 | No | + | 0 | Cross-sectional | Moderate | ||
| Xu 2016 | No | + | – | + | Cohort study | Moderate | |
| Zhang 2018 | No | 0 | 0 | Cross-sectional | Moderate | ||
| Electronic media devices in the bedroom | |||||||
| Cespedes 2014 | +/0 | Cohort study | Moderate | ||||
| Moorman 2019 | + | 0 | 0 | Cross-sectional | Moderate | ||
| Media content | |||||||
| Garrison 2012 | No | + | RCT | Moderate | |||
Note: 1st author and year. (+) Significant positive association; (0) No association; (−) Significant negative association; (+/0) refers to both a positive association and no association in different subgroups