Table 4.
Summary of studies and their findings on the relationship between electronic media devices and sleep outcomes among 13–15-year-olds
| Electronic media device | Measured at bedtime | Sleep outcomes | Study design | Quality Assessment | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Delayed bedtime or sleep onset latency | Poor sleep quality | Short sleep duration | Daytime tiredness | ||||
| Television | |||||||
| Arora 2013 | Yes | + | Cross-sectional | Moderate | |||
| Brunetti 2016 | No | – | 0 | Cross-sectional | Moderate | ||
| Lange 2015 | No | 0 | Cross-sectional | Moderate | |||
| Poulain 2019 | No | 0 | 0 | 0 | Cohort study | High | |
| Tavenier 2017 | No | 0 | 0 | Cohort study | High | ||
| Twenge 2017 | No | +/0 | Cross-sectional | Moderate | |||
| Video game (console) | |||||||
| Arora 2013 | Yes | + | Cross-sectional | Moderate | |||
| Brunetti 2016 | No | +/0 | 0 | Cross-sectional | Moderate | ||
| Lange 2015 | No | +/0 | Cross-sectional | Moderate | |||
| Tavernier 2017 | No | 0 | 0 | Cohort study | High | ||
| Wallenius 2009 | No | +/− | + | Cross-sectional | Moderate | ||
| Mobile phone/smartphone | |||||||
| Arora 2013 | Yes | + | Cross-sectional | Moderate | |||
| Brunetti 2016 | No | + | + | Cross-sectional | Moderate | ||
| Foerster 2019 | No | + | +/0 | 0 | Cohort study | Moderate | |
| Lange 2015 | No | 0 | Cross-sectional | Moderate | |||
| Poulain 2019 | No | 0 | 0 | 0 | Cohort study | High | |
| Tavernier 2017 | No | 0 | + | Cohort study | High | ||
| Computer/internet | |||||||
| Arora 2013 | Yes | + | Cross-sectional | Moderate | |||
| Brunetti 2016 | No | + | + | Cross-sectional | Moderate | ||
| Lange 2015 | No | +/0 | Cross-sectional | Moderate | |||
| Nuutinen 2014 | No | + | Cross-sectional | Moderate | |||
| Poulain 2019 | No | + | 0 | + | Cohort study | High | |
| Tavernier 2017 | No | 0 | + | Cohort study | High | ||
| Twenge 2017 | No | + | Cross-sectional | Moderate | |||
| Social media | |||||||
| Scott 2019 | No | + | + | Cross-sectional | Moderate | ||
| Tavernier 2017 | No | 0 | 0 | Cohort study | High | ||
| Twenge 2017 | No | + | Cross-sectional | Moderate | |||
| Van der Schuur 2019 | No | + | +/0 | Cohort study | Moderate | ||
| Vernon 2015 | No | + | Cross-sectional | Moderate | |||
| Vernon 2017 | No | + | Cohort study | Moderate | |||
| Total screen time | |||||||
| Bickham 2018 | No | + | Quasi-experimental | High | |||
| Calamaro 2009 | Yes | + | + | + | Cross-sectional | Moderate | |
| Das_Friebel 2018 | Yes | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | RCT | High |
| Foerster 2019 | No | + | 0 | + | Cohort study | Moderate | |
| Lange 2015 | No | +/0 | Cross-sectional | Moderate | |||
| Mazzer 2018 | No | + | Cohort study | Moderate | |||
| Ogunleye 2015 | No | + | Cross-sectional | Moderate | |||
| Ononogbu 2014 | No | + | Cross-sectional | Moderate | |||
| Parent 2016 | No | + | 0 | Cross-sectional | Moderate | ||
| Perrault 2019 | Yes | + | + | Quasi-experimental | Moderate | ||
| Twenge 2017 | No | + | Cross-sectional | Moderate | |||
| Van der Schuur 2018 | No | 0 | 0 | Cohort study | Moderate | ||
| Vandendriessche 2019 | No | + | + | Cross-sectional | Moderate | ||
| Electronic media devices in the bedroom | |||||||
| Calamaro 2009 | 0 | Cross-sectional | Moderate | ||||
| Continente 2016 | +/0 | Cross-sectional | Moderate | ||||
Note: 1st author and year. (+) Significant positive association; (0) No association; (−) Significant negative association; (+/0) refers to both a positive association and no association in different subgroups; (+/−) refers to both a positive association and a negative association in different subgroups