Table 3.

Association between concurrent substance (poisoning or intoxication) and likelihood of an intentional vs. unintentional benzodiazepine poisoning

	Odds of intentional BZD poisoning vs. unintentional
	Adolescents, 12–17 years		Young adults, 18–29 years
	OR	aOR* (95% CI)	OR	aOR* (95% CI)
Any concurrent substance	2.19	1.86 (1.43–2.42)	0.93	0.84 (0.74–0.96)
Alcohol	0.72	0.80 (0.45–2.21)	1.30	1.33 (1.14–1.56)
Opioid	1.35	1.33 (0.86–2.06)	0.26	0.29 (0.24–0.34)
Cocaine, LSD, other hallucinogen	0.92	1.00 (0.51–1.98)	0.28	0.32 (0.24–0.45)
Cannabis	0.44	0.57 (0.33–0.98)	0.27	0.32 (0.24–0.45)
Psychostimulant	2.40	2.25 (1.06–4.79)	0.51	0.55 (0.41–0.73)
Psychotropic drug
Sedative, hypnotic, antiepileptic	2.25	1.60 (0.80–3.21)	2.59	2.09 (1.60–2.72)
Antidepressant	8.21	6.27 (2.78–14.17)	6.47	4.23 (3.02–5.93)
Other psychotropic	5.49	4.43 (1.62–12.07)	2.73	2.08 (1.58–2.72)
Other drug, medicine, or biological	4.93	4.05 (2.64–6.22)	2.70	2.01 (1.65–2.44)

BZD: benzodiazepine; ED: emergency department; OR: odds ratio; aOR: adjusted odds ratio OR above 1: increased likelihood BZD poisoning was recorded as intentional self-harm (vs. unintentional) by that particular concurrent substance

^*Adjusted for age, sex, mental health diagnoses (depression, other mood, anxiety, other mental health diagnosis)