Table 1.
Characteristics and Comorbidities in Patients With CIS and Stroke‐Free Controls in the Entire Sample and Stratified By Sex
| Clinical Variables (No. With Missing Data) | All | Women | Men | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Patients (n=136) | Controls (n=136) | Patients (n=60) | Controls (n=60) | Patients (n=76) | Controls (n=76) | |
| Low level of education (3) | 69 (50.7) | 48 (36.1)* | 26 (43.3) | 18 (31.0) | 43 (56.6) | 30 (40.0)* |
| Hypertension | 41 (30.1) | 33 (24.3) | 21 (35.0) | 14 (23.3) | 20 (26.3) | 19 (25.0) |
| Dyslipidemia | 75 (55.1) | 78 (57.4) | 26 (43.3) | 22 (36.7) | 49 (64.5) | 56 (73.7) |
| Diabetes mellitus | 4 (2.9) | 4 (2.9) | 1 (1.7) | 0 | 3 (3.9) | 4 (5.3) |
| Cardiovascular disease | 0 | 1 (0.7) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 (1.3) |
| Current smoking | 42 (30.9) | 26 (19.1)* | 13 (21.7) | 11 (18.3) | 29 (38.2) | 15 (19.7)* |
| Heavy alcohol use | 33 (24.3) | 21 (15.4) | 11 (18.3) | 11 (18.3) | 22 (28.9) | 10 (13.2)* |
| Physical activity, 1000 MET per wk | 3.4 (1.6–4.5) | 2.8 (1.6–4.2) | 3.3 (1.4–4.0) | 2.6 (1.5–4.1) | 3.1 (1.9–6.0) | 2.8 (1.8–4.2) |
| Obesity | 76 (55.9) | 57 (41.9)† | 26 (43.3) | 13 (21.7)† | 50 (65.8) | 44 (57.9) |
| Diet score (10) | 25.0 (5.2) | 27.0 (4.6)† | 25.7 (5.9) | 28.2 (4.7)* | 24.4 (4.5) | 26.1 (4.2)* |
| Prestroke medication | ||||||
| Antihypertensive | 15 (11.0) | NA | 8 (13.3) | NA | 7 (9.2) | NA |
| Statin | 4 (2.9) | NA | 1 (1.7) | NA | 3 (3.9) | NA |
| Medication at baseline visit | ||||||
| Antihypertensive | 64 (47.1) | 10 (7.4)† | 23 (38.3) | 4 (6.7)† | 41 (53.9) | 6 (7.9)† |
| Statin | 111 (81.6) | 10 (7.4)† | 48 (80.0) | 0† | 63 (82.9) | 10 (13.2)† |
| Routine laboratory assessment on admission | ||||||
| CRP, mg/L | 1.5 (1.5–3.0) | NA | 1.5 (1.5–1.5) | NA | 1.5 (1.5–4.0) | NA |
| eGFR, mL/min per 1.73 m2 | 102 (16) | NA | 101 (18) | NA | 103 (15) | NA |
| LDL‐C, mmol/L | 3.1 (0.9) | NA | 2.9 (0.9) | NA | 3.2 (0.9) | NA |
| HDL‐C, mmol/L (1) | 1.3 (0.4) | NA | 1.5 (0.5) | NA | 1.2 (0.3) | NA |
| Total cholesterol/HDL‐C ratio (1) | 3.8 (1.2) | NA | 3.5 (1.2) | NA | 4.2 (1.2) | NA |
| Triglycerides, mmol/L | 1.4 (1.2) | NA | 1.2 (0.7) | NA | 1.6 (1.4) | NA |
| HbA1c, mmol/mol | 34 (32–37) | NA | 34 (32–36) | NA | 34 (33–38) | NA |
| Study visit laboratory assessment | ||||||
| hs‐CRP, mg/L | 0.9 (0.4–3.2) | 0.8 (0.3–2.2) | 1.5 (0.4–4.0) | 1.2 (0.5–3.8) | 0.8 (0.4–1.6) | 0.7 (0.3–1.7) |
| eGFR, mL/min per 1.73 m2 | 66 (62–71) | 66 (63–69) | 70 (66–74) | 69 (66–72) | 64 (60–66) | 64 (59–66) |
| LDL‐C, mmol/L | 2.3 (0.7) | 3.1 (0.9)† | 2.2 (0.8) | 2.9 (0.8)† | 2.3 (0.6) | 3.2 (1.0)† |
| HDL‐C, mmol/L | 1.1 (0.3) | 1.3 (0.4)† | 1.2 (0.3) | 1.5 (0.4)† | 1.0 (0.2) | 1.2 (0.3)† |
| Total cholesterol/HDL‐C ratio | 3.5 (0.8) | 3.7 (1.1)* | 3.1 (0.7) | 3.2 (0.8) | 3.7 (0.7) | 4.2 (1.1)† |
| Triglycerides, mmol/L | 1.5 (0.8) | 1.5 (1.1) | 1.4 (0.7) | 1.2 (0.9) | 1.6 (0.8) | 1.8 (1.1) |
| GA (1), nmol/mL | 87.8 (29.1) | 98.0 (30.7)† | 94.7 (32.6) | 102.8 (34.4) | 82.4 (24.9) | 94.2 (27.0)† |
Data are expressed as number (percentage), median (interquartile range), or mean (SD).
CIS indicates cryptogenic ischemic stroke; CRP, C‐reactive protein; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; GA, glycated albumin; HDL‐C, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; hs‐CRP, high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein; LDL‐C, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol; MET, metabolic equivalent; and NA, not available.
*
P<0.05.
†
P<0.01.