Table 1.
Characteristics of the Included Patients Stratified to Age Groups
| N* | ≤55 (n=35) | 56–70 (n=47) | >70 (n=44) | Total (n=126) | P Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | 126 | |||||
| Female | 10 (28.6%) | 25 (53.2%) | 25 (56.8%) | 60 (47.6%) | 0.028 | |
| Male | 25 (71.4%) | 22 (46.8%) | 19 (43.2%) | 66 (52.4%) | ||
| Race/ethnicity | 125 | |||||
| Black | 13 (37.1%) | 16 (34.0%) | 16 (37.2%) | 45 (36.0%) | 0.251 | |
| White | 9 (25.7%) | 14 (29.8%) | 19 (44.2%) | 42 (33.6%) | ||
| Others† | 13 (37.1%) | 17 (36.2%) | 8 (18.6%) | 38 (30.4%) | ||
| Comorbidities | ||||||
| Smoking | 112 | 4 (11.8%) | 9 (21.4%) | 6 (16.7%) | 19 (17.0%) | 0.536 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 125 | 0 (0%) | 4 (8.70%) | 15 (34.1%) | 19 (15.2%) | <0.001 |
| Prior anticoagulation | 118 | 1 (3.03%) | 4 (9.09%) | 10 (24.4%) | 15 (12.7%) | 0.015 |
| Coronary artery disease | 123 | 1 (2.86%) | 6 (13.3%) | 14 (32.6%) | 21 (17.1%) | 0.002 |
| Congestive heart failure | 117 | 1 (3.03%) | 6 (13.6%) | 9 (22.5%) | 16 (13.7%) | 0.055 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 122 | 10 (28.6%) | 25 (54.3%) | 17 (41.5%) | 52 (42.6%) | 0.066 |
| Hypertension | 126 | 17 (48.6%) | 39 (83.0%) | 39 (88.6%) | 95 (75.4%) | <0.001 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 119 | 9 (26.5%) | 29 (63.0%) | 26 (66.7%) | 64 (53.8%) | <0.001 |
| Previous stroke | 118 | 4 (11.8%) | 14 (31.1%) | 12 (30.8%) | 30 (25.4%) | 0.095 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 106 | 0 (0%) | 1 (2.44%) | 3 (9.09%) | 4 (3.77%) | 0.134 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 114 | 9 (27.3%) | 6 (14.6%) | 14 (35.0%) | 29 (25.4%) | 0.105 |
| Presentation | ||||||
| Fever | 102 | 22 (75.9%) | 14 (36.8%) | 7 (20.0%) | 43 (42.2%) | <0.001 |
| Cough | 102 | 12 (41.4%) | 16 (42.1%) | 9 (25.7%) | 37 (36.3%) | 0.276 |
| Dyspnea | 102 | 9 (31.0%) | 15 (39.5%) | 16 (45.7%) | 40 (39.2%) | 0.488 |
| Nausea or vomiting | 102 | 1 (3.45%) | 1 (2.63%) | 1 (2.86%) | 3 (2.94%) | 0.98 |
| Chills | 102 | 4 (13.8%) | 3 (7.89%) | 1 (2.86%) | 8 (7.84%) | 0.269 |
| Malaise or lethargy | 102 | 3 (10.3%) | 9 (23.7%) | 3 (8.57%) | 15 (14.7%) | 0.14 |
| Asymptomatic | 104 | 5 (16.1%) | 13 (34.2%) | 12 (34.3%) | 30 (28.8%) | 0.176 |
| Awareness of COVID‐19 before stroke | 100 | 12 (41.4%) | 16 (41.0%) | 10 (31.3%) | 38 (38.0%) | 0.634 |
| Door to CT, min | 81 | 22.0 [27.5] | 22.0 [30.0] | 23.5 [33.3] | 23.0 [32.0] | 0.889 |
| Stroke site | 81 | |||||
| ICA | 8 (34.8%) | 6 (17.6%) | 6 (25.0%) | 20 (24.7%) | 0.956 | |
| MCA | 14 (60.9%) | 22 (64.7%) | 15 (62.5%) | 51 (63.0%) | 0.338 | |
| ACA | 2 (8.70%) | 2 (5.88%) | 0 (0%) | 4 (4.94%) | 0.367 | |
| Vertebrobasilar | 3 (13.0%) | 7 (20.6%) | 4 (16.7%) | 14 (17.3%) | 0.758 | |
| Admission NIHSS | 106 | 15.0 [18.0] | 11.0 [17.5] | 12.0 [12.0] | 12.0 [17.8] | 0.174 |
| ASPECTS | 75 | 7.00 [3.50] | 8.00 [4.00] | 8.00 [2.00] | 8.00 [3.00] | 0.354 |
| 0–5 | 6 (30.0%) | 9 (31.0%) | 2 (7.69%) | 17 (22.7%) | 0.078 | |
| 6–10 | 14 (70.0%) | 20 (69.0%) | 24 (92.3%) | 58 (77.3%) | ||
| Large vessel occlusion | 118 | 16 (47.1%) | 20 (46.5%) | 18 (43.9%) | 54 (45.8%) | 0.956 |
| Laboratories | ||||||
| NLR | 94 | 4.15 [10.5] | 6.33 [9.91] | 5.18 [8.26] | 5.61 [10.4] | 0.429 |
| D dimer, ng/mL | 87 | 420 [4830] | 980 [4770] | 944 [3240] | 712 [4830] | 0.918 |
| INR | 115 | 1.10 [0.20] | 1.10 [0.30] | 1.19 [0.20] | 1.10 [0.28] | 0.159 |
| aPTT, s | 107 | 31.5 [6.85] | 30.6 [5.63] | 29.9 [6.08] | 30.6 [6.35] | 0.468 |
| C‐reactive protein, mg/dL | 97 | 21.8 [148] | 34.1 [80.6] | 24.0 [124] | 33.7 [120] | 0.742 |
| Ferritin, ng/mL | 95 | 816 [1230] | 497 [639] | 429 [472] | 508 [695] | 0.194 |
| White blood cells, 1000/μL | 122 | 8.30 [4.47] | 8.67 [4.47] | 7.90 [4.01] | 8.25 [4.37] | 0.483 |
| Absolute neutrophil, 1000/μL | 107 | 6.30 [4.70] | 6.95 [4.70] | 5.67 [3.01] | 6.30 [4.42] | 0.529 |
| Absolute lymphocyte, 1000/μL | 107 | 1.30 [1.00] | 1.10 [0.475] | 1.20 [0.540] | 1.12 [0.670] | 0.147 |
| Platelets | 122 | 266 [95.5] | 247 [118] | 215 [155] | 243 [124] | 0.269 |
| Creatinine, mg/dL | 123 | 1.04 [1.09] | 1.10 [0.62] | 1.10 [0.99] | 1.10 [0.97] | 0.529 |
| GFR | 117 | 60.0 [23.8] | 60.0 [28.0] | 55.5 [31.8] | 60.0 [29.0] | 0.092 |
| LDH, U/L | 82 | 490 [680] | 339 [410] | 450 [389] | 415 [495] | 0.342 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL | 87 | 152 [57.3] | 149 [116] | 115 [66.0] | 132 [81.5] | 0.031 |
| Troponin, ng/mL | 93 | 0.02 [0.03] | 0.03 [0.78] | 0.04 [0.48] | 0.03 [0.22] | 0.074 |
| CPK, U/L | 71 | 201 [213] | 115 [180] | 104 [185] | 127 [229] | 0.163 |
| LDL, mg/dL | 82 | 101 [50.5] | 84.0 [57.0] | 58.0 [41.0] | 80.5 [65.3] | 0.081 |
| HbA1c (%) | 86 | 6.25 [3.45] | 6.70 [2.85] | 6.10 [1.20] | 6.30 [2.18] | 0.133 |
| Aspirin | 103 | 19 (65.5%) | 32 (80.0%) | 27 (79.4%) | 78 (75.7%) | 0.318 |
| Plavix | 87 | 4 (14.8%) | 15 (44.1%) | 9 (34.6%) | 28 (32.2%) | 0.049 |
| Heparin | 83 | 9 (36.0%) | 11 (33.3%) | 10 (40.0%) | 30 (36.1%) | 0.872 |
| Low‐dose enoxaparin | 84 | 15 (53.6%) | 13 (43.3%) | 13 (50.0%) | 41 (48.8%) | 0.73 |
| High‐dose enoxaparin | 76 | 4 (16.7%) | 1 (3.45%) | 0 (0%) | 5 (6.58%) | 0.048 |
| IV tPA | 123 | 11 (32.4%) | 10 (22.2%) | 8 (18.2%) | 29 (23.6%) | 0.331 |
| Thrombectomy | 118 | 11 (33.3%) | 7 (16.3%) | 10 (23.8%) | 28 (23.7%) | 0.212 |
ACA, Anterior Cerebral Artery; aPTT indicates activated partial thromboplastin time; ASPECTS, The Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score; CPK, creatine phosphokinase; CT, computed tomography; ESR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; ICA, internal carotid artery; INR, international normalized ratio; IV tPA, intravenous tissue plasminogen activator; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; LDL, low‐density lipoprotein; MCA, middle cerebral artery; NIHSS, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale; and NLR, neutrophil‐lymphocyte ratio.
*
Number of available data.
†
Others includes Asian, Hispanic, Middle Eastern.