Table 1.
Clinical, Echocardiographic and Angiographic Features in the Overall Population and According to the Presence or Absence of Myocardial Bridging
| Characteristics | Overall Population (n=310) | Presence of Myocardial Bridging (n=53) | Absence of Myocardial Bridging (n=257) | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clinical characteristics | ||||
| Age, y; median (IQR) | 60.6±11.9 | 60±12.8 | 60.7±11.8 | 0.70 |
| Male sex, n (%) | 136 (43.9) | 29 (54.7) | 107 (41.6) | 0.08 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 206 (66.5) | 33 (62.2) | 173 (67.3) | 0.48 |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 61 (19.7) | 15 (28.3) | 46 (17.9) | 0.08 |
| Smoking habit, n (%) | 105 (33.9) | 20 (37.7) | 85 (33.1) | 0.51 |
| Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 158 (51.0) | 36 (67.0) | 122 (47.5) | 0.007 |
| Obesity, n (%) | 24 (7.7) | 3 (5.7) | 21 (8.2) | 0.53 |
| Family history of CAD, n (%) | 94 (30.3) | 16 (30.2) | 78 (30.3) | 0.98 |
| Clinical presentation, n (%) | 0.003 | |||
| MINOCA, n (%) | 141 (45.5) | 34 (64.1) | 107 (41.6) | |
| Stable angina, n (%) | 169 (54.5) | 18 (35.8) | 150 (58.3) | |
| Previous cardiovascular history, n (%) | 27 (8.7) | 2 (3.8) | 25 (9.7) | 0.16 |
| Laboratory data | ||||
| Hemoglobin (g/dL), median (IQR) | 13.2 (12.4; 14.2) | 13.3 (12.3; 15.1) | 13.1 (12.4; 14.1) | 0.34 |
| WBC (×103/L), median (IQR) | 7.1 (6.1; 7.9) | 7.2 (6.1; 8.1) | 7.0 (6.1; 7.8) | 0.96 |
| Serum creatinine on admission (mg/dL), median (IQR) | 0.83 (0.71; 0.96) | 0.82 (0.68; 0.96) | 0.83 (0.71; 0.97) | 0.77 |
| Troponin‐T peak (ng/mL), median (IQR) | 0.01 (0.01; 0.19) | 0.13 (0.01; 0.46) | 0.01 (0.01; 0.13) | 0.52 |
| CRP (mg/L), median (IQR) | 0.05 (0.05; 0.5) | 0.05 (0.05; 3.1) | 0.05 (0.05; 0.50) | 0.97 |
| Echocardiographic data | ||||
| EF on admission (%), median (IQR) | 61 (58; 64) | 61 (58; 63) | 61 (58; 64) | 0.79 |
| EF on admission <50%, n, (%) | 20 (6.5) | 2 (3.8) | 18 (7.0) | 0.38 |
| Diastolic dysfunction, n, (%) | 191 (61.6) | 29 (54.7) | 162 (63.0) | 0.26 |
| Angiographic data | ||||
| Myocardial bridging location | ||||
| LAD, n, (%) | 46 (14.8) | 46 (86.8) | 0 (0.0) | |
| LCx, n, (%) | 7 (2.2) | 7 (13.2) | 0 (0.0) | |
| RCA, n, (%) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Myocardial bridging segment | ||||
| Proximal, n (%) | 3 (1.0) | 3 (5.7) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Mid, n (%) | 38 (12.2) | 38 (71.7) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Distal, n (%) | 12 (3.9) | 12 (22.6) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Myocardial bridging length, mm (mean±SD) | 24.9±7.3 | 24.9±7.3 | … | |
| Presence of non‐obstructive atherosclerosis | 150 (48.4) | 24 (45.3) | 126 (49.0) | 0.62 |
| Provocative test | ||||
| Positive, n (%) | 183 (59.0) | 42 (79.2) | 141 (54.9) | 0.001 |
| Type of positive response | ||||
| Epicardial spasm, n (%) | 117 (37.7) | 30 (56.6) | 87 (33.8) | 0.001 |
| Microvascular spasm, n (%) | 66 (21.3) | 12 (22.6) | 54 (21.0) | 0.79 |
| Coronary vasospasm only on MB segment, n (%) | 25 (8.0) | 25 (47.2) | … | |
| Coronary vasospasm on MB segment and other segments, n (%) | 4 (1.3) | 4 (7.5) | … | |
| Coronary vasospasm only on segments other than MB, n (%) | 1 (0.3) | 1 (1.9) | … | |
| High Ach dose (≥100 µg), n (%) | 190 (61.3) | 22 (41.5) | 168 (65.4) | 0.001 |
| Complications | 28 (9.0) | 4 (7.6) | 24 (9.3) | 0.68 |
| AF/SVT, n (%) | 8 (2.6) | 2 (3.8) | 6 (2.3) | 0.12 |
| Atrioventricular Block, n (%) | 19 (6.1) | 2 (3.8) | 17 (6.6) | 0.88 |
| VT/VF, n (%) | 1 (0.3) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.4) | 0.89 |
| Therapy at discharge, n (%) | ||||
| Statin | 182 (58.7) | 32 (60.4) | 150 (58.4) | 0.79 |
| Calcium channel blockers | 206 (66.5) | 44 (83) | 162 (63) | 0.005 |
| β‐blockers | 93 (30) | 8 (15.1) | 85 (33.1) | 0.009 |
| Nitrates | 6 (1.9) | 3 (5.7) | 3 (1.2) | 0.06 |
| Cardioaspirin | 143 (46.1) | 27 (50.9) | 116 (45.1) | 0.44 |
| ACEi/ARBs | 216 (69.7) | 41 (77.4) | 175 (68.1) | 0.18 |
ACEI indicates angiotensin‐converting enzymes inhibitors; ACH, acetylcholine; AF, atrial fibrillation; ARBs, angiotensin receptor blockers; CAD, coronary artery disease; CRP, C‐reactive protein; EF, ejection fraction; IQR, interquartile range; LAD, left anterior descending; LCx, left circumflex; MB, myocardial bridging; MINOCA, myocardial infarction and non‐obstructive coronary arteries; RCA, right coronary artery; SVT, supraventricular tachycardia; VF, ventricular fibrillation; VT, ventricular tachycardia; and WBC, white blood count.