Table 4.
Yearly Trends of Out‐of‐Pocket Healthcare Costs of Care for Families With 1 or More Members With HF, Stratified by Income Level, From the MEPS 2014 to 2018
| 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | P Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall | ||||||
| No. in national population ×1000 families (95% CI) | 1808 (1407–2209) | 1884 (1488–2281) | 1350 (1090–1610) | 1666 (1350–1981) | 1661 (1331–1992) | |
| Family income, $ (95% CI) | 62 351 (46 378–78 324) | 57 170 (48 996–65 344) | 59 019 (47 466–70 571) | 66 999 (55 837–78 161) | 57 909 (46 571–69 346) | 0.83 |
| Total OOP expenditures, $ (95% CI) | 4276 (3073–5478) | 4832 (3785–5878) | 3768 (3026–4510) | 4263 (3348–5178) | 4793 (3289–6297) | 0.65 |
| Insurance premiums, $ (95% CI) | 1775 (926–2624) | 1629 (1226–2033) | 1596 (1060–2132) | 1332 (939–1724) | 1750 (1264–2237) | 0.44 |
| OOP health service, $ (95% CI) | 2501 (1803–3199) | 3202 (2271–4134) | 2172 (1584–2759) | 2931 (2214–3648) | 3043 (1687–4400) | 0.85 |
| Middle/high income | ||||||
| No. in national population ×1000 families (95% CI) | 1199 (885–1512) | 1164 (841–1487) | 902 (649–1156) | 1143 (878–1409) | 939 (712–1166) | NA |
| Family income, $ (95% CI) | 84 281 (63 773–104 789) | 77 868 (68 069–87 667) | 78 264 (63 140–93 387) | 88 184 (74 199–102 169) | 86 001 (69 983–102 018) | 0.63 |
| Total OOP expenditures, $ (95% CI) | 5457 (3917–6998) | 5731 (4289–7174) | 5029 (4099–5959) | 5017 (3861–6173) | 5976 (4936–7016) | 0.74 |
| Insurance premiums, $ (95% CI) | 2508 (1338–3678) | 2230 (1589–2871) | 2178 (1416–2941) | 1616 (1093–2139) | 2715 (1891–3540) | 0.53 |
| OOP health service, $ (95% CI) | 2949 (2031–3867) | 3501 (2271–4731) | 2850 (2074–3626) | 3401 (2505–4297) | 3261 (2721–3801) | 0.35 |
| Low income | ||||||
| No. in national population ×1000 families (95% CI) | 610 (403–816) | 720 (480–960) | 448 (310–586) | 523 (359–686) | 722 (470–976) | NA |
| Family income, $ (95% CI) | 19 233 (16 339–22 128) | 23 710 (19 924–27 497) | 20 243 (15 963–24 523) | 20 660 (17 440–23 879) | 21 425 (18 191–24 658) | 0.88 |
| Total OOP expenditures, $ (95% CI) | 1952 (928–2977) | 3377 (1781–4974) | 1227 (742–1713) | 2613 (1366–3860) | 3457 (433–6081) | 0.96 |
| Insurance premiums, $ (95% CI) | 334 (61–606) | 658 (215–1101) | 423 (−45 to 890) | 710 (345–1074) | 496 (246–746) | 0.90 |
| OOP health service, $ (95% CI) | 1619 (764–2474) | 2719 (1144–4295) | 805 (590–1019) | 1904 (714–3093) | 2760 (13–5507) | 0.81 |
HF indicates heart failure; MEPS, Medical Expenditure Panel Survey; NA, not applicable; and OOP, out‐of‐pocket.