Figure 3. Associations in each study and pooled across studies for maternal and paternal pregnancy alcohol intake and any offspring congenital heart disease (CHD).

A, Confounder and other parent's alcohol adjusted odds ratios (ORs) of any CHD for maternal light drinking during pregnancy (top) and paternal light drinking (bottom). B, Confounder and other parent's alcohol‐adjusted ORs of any CHD for maternal moderate/heavy drinking during pregnancy (top) and paternal moderate/heavy drinking (bottom). C, Confounder‐adjusted ORs of any CHD for maternal light drinking during pregnancy (top) and maternal moderate/heavy drinking (bottom). Confounders (depending on cohort): maternal and paternal age, education, ethnicity, smoking, maternal parity, and offspring sex (and other parental alcohol intake in A and B). Definitions for maternal/paternal alcohol intake are described in the Methods section. These analyses are from the LifeCycle project, a consortium that brings birth cohorts together and harmonizes individual‐level data for their use in research.¹³ All LifeCycle studies with eligible data were included in this study. More information on each can be found as follows: ABCD (The Amsterdam Born Children and Their Development Study),¹⁵ ALSPAC (Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children),¹⁶, ¹⁷ BASELINE (Cork Scope Baseline Study),¹⁸ BiB (Born in Bradford) study,¹⁹ DNBC (Danish National Birth Cohort) study,²⁰ MoBa (Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study),²¹, ²² and NINFEA (Nascita e Infanzia: gli Effetti dell'Ambiente [Birth and Childhood: Effects of the Environment]) study.²³, ²⁴