TABLE 2.
Anti-tumorigenic effects of cholesterol-lowering drugs by targeting Akt and associated molecules.
| S.N. | Cancer type | Cholesterol-lowering drug | Molecule/pathway target | Effect on cancer cells | Reference |
| (1) | Lung cancer | Simvastatin | Akt; Survivin; PARP | ↑Apoptosis | Hwang et al., 2011 |
| Akt | ↑Apoptosis | Kim et al., 2015 | |||
| Lovastatin | PI3k/Akt; ACLY | ↑Anti-tumor | Hanai et al., 2012 | ||
| EGFR-PI3k-Akt; AMPK | ↑Apoptosis ↑Radiation sensitization | Sanli et al., 2011 | |||
| Fluvastatin | Akt; Braf/MEK/ERK1/2 | ↓Growth ↑Apoptosis | Zhang et al., 2019 | ||
| (2) | Breast cancer | Atorvastatin | p-Akt | ↓Growth | Beckwitt et al., 2018 |
| PTEN/Akt; RhoB | ↓Proliferation, ↓Migration, ↑Apoptosis | Ma et al., 2019 | |||
| Simvastatin | PI3K/Akt/mTOR | ↑Apoptosis, ↓Proliferation | Wang et al., 2016 | ||
| PTEN/Akt | ↓Cell viability | Park et al., 2013 | |||
| PTEN/Akt; NFκB | ↓Growth | Ghosh-Choudhury et al., 2010 | |||
| Lovastatin | PTEN/Akt; DJ-1; NDRG1 | ↓Cell viability ↓Metastasis | Klawitter et al., 2010 | ||
| Fenofibrate | Akt/NF-κB | ↑Apoptosis | Sun et al., 2019 | ||
| (3) | Colorectal cancer | Lovastatin | Akt | ↑Cytotoxicity | Mantha et al., 2005 |
| Atorvastatin | Akt; PTEN; PI3k; PDK1 | ↑Apoptosis ↓Proliferation | Xiao et al., 2008 | ||
| (4) | Prostate cancer | Simvastatin; fluvastatin | Akt/FOXO | ↑Apoptosis | Deng et al., 2019 |
| Atorvastatin | Akt; cholesterol synthesis | ↓Cell survival | Chen X. et al., 2016 | ||
| (5) | Liver cancer | Atorvastatin | Akt; mTOR; GSK3β | ↓Proliferation | Roudier et al., 2006 |
| Simvastatin | Akt; | ↑Apoptosis | Huang et al., 2015 | ||
| Fenofibrate | Akt | ↓Proliferation | Yamasaki et al., 2011 | ||
| (6) | Pancreatic cancer | Atorvastatin | Akt and its downstream targets | ↓Proliferation ↑Apoptosis | Mistafa and Stenius, 2009 |
| PI3/Akt | ↓Progression | Mohammed et al., 2012 | |||
| Akt-ACLY | ↓Proliferation ↓Growth | Carrer et al., 2019 | |||
| (7) | Oral cancer | Lovastatin | EGFR; PI3k/Akt | ↓Proliferation ↓Cell survival | Zhao et al., 2010 |
| Fenofibrate | Akt/mTOR | ↓Progression | Jan et al., 2016 | ||
| (8) | Leukemia | Statins (atorvastatin, lovastatin, and simvastatin) | Akt/mTOR/p70S6K | ↑Autophagy | Vilimanovich et al., 2015 |
| Fluvastatin and simvastatin | Akt | ↓Proliferation ↑Apoptosis | Wang J.J. et al., 2018 | ||
| Simvastatin | Akt | ↓Proliferation ↑Apoptosis | Zeng et al., 2012 | ||
| Lovastatin | Ras/PI3K/Akt; Ras/Raf/ERK | ↓Proliferation ↑Apoptosis | Chen et al., 2015 | ||
| (9) | Gliomas | Simvastatin | PI3K/Akt/caspase-3 | ↓Proliferative ↓Migration ↑Apoptosis | Wu et al., 2009 |