Table 1.
Chemical compounds and anticancer potential of propolis from species of stingless bees in different cancer lineages.
| Stingless bee species | Geographic origin | Type of extract | Compounds identified | Anticancer potential | Cell lineage | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Trigona laeviceps | Samut Songkhram Province, Thailand | Ethanolic (fractioned) (methanol and dichloromethane) | NS | Antiproliferative | Ductal carcinoma (BT474) Lung cancer (ChaGo-I) Colon adenocarcinoma (SW620) Liver cancer (HepG2) Gastric cancer (KATO-III) |
[68] |
| Trigona sp. | Maharashtra, India | Hydroethanolic Ethanol/water 70/30 % |
NS | Cytotoxic | Human breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7) Human colon adenocarcinomas (HT-29 and Caco-2) Murine melanoma (B16F1) |
[56] |
|
Trigona incisa
Timia apicalis Trigona fusco-balteata Trigona fuscibasis |
Kalimantan, Indonesia | Methanolic Fractioned (ethyl acetate and hexane) |
NS | Cytotoxic | Ductal carcinoma (BT474) Lung cancer (ChaGo-I) Colon adenocarcinoma (SW620) Liver cancer (HepG2) Gastric cancer (KATO-III) |
[69] |
| Melipona orbignyi | Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil | Hydroethanolic Ethanol/water 80/20 % |
Aromatic acids, alcohols, terpenes, phenolic acids, flavonoids, and sugars | Cytotoxic | Human leukemia (K562) | [58] |
| Tetragonisca fiebrigi | Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil | Hydroethanolic Ethanol/water 80/20 % |
Benzoic and kaurenoic acids, sugars, retinol, tocopherols, cinnamic acids | Cytotoxic | Human leukemia (K562) | [55] |
| Tetragonula iridipennis | Pudukkottai District, India | Hydroethanolic Ethanol/water 70/30 % |
NS | Cytotoxic | Human lung cancer (A549) | [70] |
| Scaptotrigona depilis | Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil | Hydroethanolic Ethanol/water 80/20 % |
β-Sitosterol, β-amyrin, α-amyrin, β-amyrin acetate, tocopherol, vanillin acid | Cytotoxic | Human leukemia (K562) | [36] |
| Melipona quadrifasciata anthidioides | Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil | Hydroethanolic Ethanol/water 80/20 % |
Stigmasterol, taraxasterol, β-sitosterol, β-amyrin, α-amyrin, β-amyrin acetate, tocopherol, vanillic acid, caffeic acid, quercetin, luteolin, apigenin | Cytotoxic | Human leukemia (K562) | [36] |
| Plebeia droryana | Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil | Hydroethanolic Ethanol/water 80/20 % |
β-Sitosterol, β-amyrin, α-amyrin, β-amyrin acetate, tocopherol | Cytotoxic | Human leukemia (K562) | [65] |
| Trigona incisa | Kalimantan, Indonesia | Methanolic Fractioned (ethyl acetate and hexane) |
Isolated compound Cardol (5-pentadecyl resorcinol) |
Cytotoxic, antiproliferative | Colon adenocarcinoma (SW620) | [71] |
| Trigona minor | Ben Tre Province, Vietnam | Ethanolic (fractioned) (chloroform, ethyl acetate, and hexane) | Lanostane-type triterpenoid, cycloartane-type triterpenoids, 23-hydroxyisomangiferolic acid B, and 7-hydroxyisomangiferolic acid | Cytotoxic | Human pancreatic cancer (PANC-1) | [72] |
| Trigona sirindhornae | Chanthaburi Province, Thailand | Ethanolic (fractioned) (methanol and dichloromethane) | NS | Cytotoxic | Human head and neck cancer (HN30) | [37] |
| Tetragonula pagdeni | Chanthaburi Province, Thailand | Methanolic | Xanthones (α-mangostin and γ-mangostin) | Cytotoxic | Colon adenocarcinoma (Caco-2) Human melanoma (SK-MEL-28) Liver cancer (Hep-G2) Papilloma carcinoma (KB) |
[37] |
|
Lepidotrigona ventralis
Lepidotrigona terminata |
Chanthaburi Province, Thailand | Methanolic | NS | Cytotoxic | Colon adenocarcinoma (Caco-2) Human melanoma (SK-MEL-28) Liver cancer (Hep-G2) Papilloma carcinoma (KB) |
[37] |
| Scaptotrigona bipunctata | Santa Catarina, Brazil | Hydroethanolic Ethanol/water 70/30 % |
Piperidinic alkaloids, flavones, triterpenes | Cytotoxic, antimigratory, anti-invasion | Human melanoma (SK-MEL-28) | [57] |
| Melipona quadrifasciata anthidioides | Santa Catarina, Brazil | Hydroethanolic Ethanol/water 70/30 % |
Polyphenols, flavonoids (7-O-aromadendrin, naringenin), p-coumaric acid, pinusenocarp, mepuberin | Cytotoxic, Antimigratory, Anti-invasion | Human melanoma (SK-MEL-28) | [57] |
| Heterotrigona itama | Terengganu and Kelantan, Malaysia | Ethanolic | NS | Cytotoxic | Human cervical carcinoma (HeLa) | [73] |
| Tetragonula biroi | Philippines | Ethanolic | Carbohydrates, steroids, alkaloids, anthraquinones, phenols, terpenoids | Cytotoxic, antiproliferative | Gastric cancer (AGS, MKN-45, NUGC-4, MKN-74) | [16] |
| Trigona sp. | South Sulawesi, Indonesia | Ethanolic | Diterpenes, sesquiterpenes, actinopyrones (not confirmed) | Cytotoxic, antiangiogenic | Human breast cancer (MDA-MB-231) | [74] |
| Trigona spp. | South Sulawesi, Indonesia | Hydroethanolic Ethanol/water 70/30 % |
NS | Cytotoxic, antiproliferative | Breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) | [75] |
| Tetrigona apicalis | Malaysia | Hydroethanolic Ethanol/water 80/20 % |
Sesquiterpenes (β-caryophyllene, copaene), triterpenoids (β-amyrin, α-amyrin) | Cytotoxic | Breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) | [76] |
NS: not studied.