Table 2.
Cell death profile and mechanisms of action induced by propolis produced by species of stingless bee on different cancer lineages.
| Stingless bee species | Type of extract or isolated compound | Cell lineage | Assays | Types of cell death | Mechanisms of action | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Trigona sp. | Hydroethanolic Ethanol/water 70/30 % |
Human colon adenocarcinomas (HT-29 and Caco-2) Murine melanoma (B16F1) |
Flow cytometer | Apoptosis | NS | [56] |
| Melipona orbignyi | Hydroethanolic Ethanol/water 80/20 % |
Human leukemia (K562) | Flow cytometer | Necrosis | NS | [58] |
| Tetragonisca fiebrigi | Hydroethanolic Ethanol/water 80/20 % |
Human leukemia (K562) | Flow cytometer | Necrosis∗ and apoptosis∗∗ | NS | [55] |
| Trigona incisa | Methanolic Fractioned (ethyl acetate and hexane) |
Colon adenocarcinoma (SW620) | Flow cytometer | Apoptosis | NS | [100] |
|
Scaptotrigona depilis
Melipona quadrifasciata anthidioides |
Hydroethanolic Ethanol/water 80/20 % |
Human leukemia (K562) | Flow cytometer | Necrosis∗ and apoptosis∗∗ | NS | [36] |
| Plebeia droryana | Hydroethanolic Ethanol/water 80/20 % |
Human leukemia (K562) | Flow cytometer | Necroptosis∗ and apoptosis∗∗ | Activation of RIPK1 and increased caspase 3 | [77] |
| Trigona incisa | Cardol (5-pentadecyl resorcinol) | Colon adenocarcinoma (SW620) | Caspase activity, mitochondrial membrane potential, Western blotting | Apoptosis | Increased activity of caspases 3 and 9, PARP cleavage Mitochondrial depolarization ROS increase Partial reversal of apoptosis with NAC |
[71] |
| Scaptotrigona bipunctata Melipona quadrifasciata anthidioides |
Hydroethanolic Ethanol/water 70/30 % |
Human melanoma (SK-MEL-28) | Flow cytometer Western blotting |
Apoptosis | ROS increase Reduction of mitochondrial membrane potential Decrease in BLC-2 |
[57] |
| Heterotrigona itama | Ethanolic | Human cervical carcinoma (HeLa) | Flow cytometer | Apoptosis | NS | [73] |
| Tetragonula biroi | Ethanolic | Gastric cancer (AGS, MKN-45, NUGC-4) | Flow cytometer qRT-PCR TUNEL assay |
Apoptosis | Positive modulation of BAX and BAD transcription and negative modulation of BCL2L1 and BCL-2 | [16] |
| Trigona spp. | Hydroethanolic Ethanol/water 70/30 % |
Breast cancer cell line (MCF7) | Flow cytometer | Apoptosis | NS | [75] |
NS: not studied. ∗Mainly. ∗∗Partially.