Table 3.
In vitro effects of propolis from different stingless bee species on the cell cycle of cancer lineages.
| Stingless bee species | Region/country | Extract type or isolated compound | Cell lineage | Assays | Effects on cell cycle | Involved mechanisms | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Trigona incisa | Kalimantan, Indonesia | Methanolic Fractioned (ethyl acetate and hexane) |
Colon adenocarcinoma (SW620) | Flow cytometer | Cell cycle arrest (G1 phase) | NS | [100] |
| Melipona quadrifasciata anthidioides | Santa Catarina, Brazil | Hydroethanolic Ethanol/water 70/30 % |
Human melanoma (SK-MEL-28) | Flow cytometer | Cell cycle arrest (G2/M phases) | NS | [57] |
| Tetragonula biroi | Philippines | Ethanolic | Gastric cancer (AGS, MKN-45, NUGC-4) | Flow cytometer qRT-PCR |
Cell cycle arrest (G0/G1 phases) | Positive modulation of the transcription of inhibitory genes of the cell cycle (CDKN1A, CDKN1B, tp53) and negative modulation for transcription of (CDK1, CDK2, and CCND1) related to kinases and cyclins | [16] |
NS: not studied.