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. 2021 Sep 23;2021:5560872. doi: 10.1155/2021/5560872

Figure 5.

Figure 5

Neu5Ac enhances DPSC osteo-/odontoblastic differentiation via activating ERK signaling. (a) ERK, p-ERK, p38, p-p38, JNK, and p-JNK levels in DPSCs were evaluated following a 3-day treatment with Neu5Ac (0, 0.1, or 1 mM) via Western blotting. (b) The p-ERK/total ERK, p-p38/total p38, and p-JNK/total JNK ratios were determined for DPSCs following treatment with 1 mM Neu5Ac for 0, 10, 30, 60, or 90 minutes via Western blotting. (c) DMP1, DSPP, and RUNX2 protein levels in DPSCs treated with either Neu5Ac and/or cobimetinib were measured. (d) Alizarin red staining of DPSCs was conducted following a 14-day treatment period with cobimetinib and/or Neu5Ac. ∗∗p < 0.01, ∗∗∗p < 0.001. All the experiments were repeated at least three times independently.