Skip to main content
. 2021 Sep 23;2021:3259963. doi: 10.1155/2021/3259963

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Major mitophagy pathways. PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy. Upon mitochondrial depolarization under cell stress, PINK1 can no longer be imported into the mitochondria. The autophosphorylated PINK1 accumulates on OMM and recruits Parkin to the mitochondria. The E3 ligase Parkin polyubiquitylates OMM proteins VDAC1, MFN1, MFN2, and Miro1, which are recognized by LC3 adaptors on phagophore. FUNDC1-mediated mitophagy: under hypoxic conditions, PGAM5 dephosphorylates FUNDC1, restores FUNDC1 ability to interact with LC3 through LIR, and activates mitophagy. BNIP3/NIX-mediated mitophagy: BNIP3 and BNIP3L/NIX act synergistically and share an overlapping biological function in activating mitophagy when mitochondria have stable membrane potential. CHDH accumulates on the OMM and interacts with p62 and binds with LC3. AMBRA1, Bcl2L13, and cardiophospholipids directly recognize LC3 through LIR.