Figure 3.

Overview of different mitophagy-modulating compounds and their targets. Mitophagy is regulated by multiple factors. For example, spermidine exerts cardioprotection through inhibited acetyltransferase EP300 and ATM-driven activation of the PINK1/Parkin-regulated mitophagy pathway. EA treatment and JNK pathway modulate mitophagy through BNIP3 regulation. Metformin prevents cardiomyopathy by activating AMPK and autophagy. miR-137 modulates mitophagy by targeting FUNDC1. The basal level of mitophagy facilitates myocardial cell survival, whereas excessive mitophagy induces cell death, ultimately inducing cardiac diseases.