Table 4.
The use of biscuit in clinical trial
| Health concern | Additional product | Additional product properties | Administration mode | Result | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Micronutrient deficiency | Multi-Micronutrient | Improvement of micronutrient status | 30 g biscuits, 5 days/week /4 months | Improvement of the concentrations of hemoglobin (+ 1.87 g/L), plasma ferritin (+ 7.5 mg/L), body iron (+ 0.56 mg/kg body weight), plasma zinc (+ 0.61 mmol/L), plasma retinol (+ 0.041 mmol/L), and urinary iodine (+ 22.49 mmol/L); reduction of the risk of anemia (40%) and deficiencies of zinc (40%) and iodine (40%). | Nga et al. 2009 |
| Iron fortification | 2 or 3 biscuits / 6 d/week/ 28 weeks | Improved iron status and reduction of blood lead concentrations (4.3 μg/dL to 2.9 μ g/dL for NaFeEDTA) | Bouhouch et al. 2016 | ||
| Roasted almonds | Monounsaturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, fiber, and vitamin E | 56 g of almonds biscuits / day / 4 weeks | Decreased total cholesterol (5.5%), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (4.6%), and non- high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (6.4%) and increased plasma α-tocopherol (8.5%) compared to the biscuit control. | Jung et al. 2018 | |
| Weight loss | Whey protein and wheat bran | Highest satiety feeling | 50 g / day / 8 weeks | Control appetite (Composite appetite score: − 3.12), more decrease of energy intake (− 1531.13 KJ/day), body weight (− 2.91 Kg), waist circumference (− 4.44 cm), and serum insulin (− 2.31 mIU/L); more increase GLP-1 (+ 0.05) and more attenuate reduction of HDL-C level (+ 1.18 mg/dl) comparatively to control biscuits. | Hassanzadeh-Rostami et al. 2020 |
| Soy fiber | Rich source of dietary fiber | 100 g/day / 12 weeks | Significant decrease of body weight (− 1.39 kg), body mass index (− 0.51), waist circumference (− 1.75 cm), diastolic blood pressure (− 3.82 mmHg), serum levels of total cholesterol (− 0.58 mmol/L), LDL-C (− 0.41 mmol/L), and glucose (− 0.95 mmol/L), body fat (− 0.71 kg), and trunk fat (− 0.64 kg) for those who consumed the supplemented biscuits comparatively to those who consumed the control biscuit. | Hu et al. 2013 | |
| Flaxseed flour | Rich source of dietary fiber | 100 g of biscuits / day / 60 days | Decrease body weight (− 0.83) and lower triacylglycerol levels (− 0.04 mmol/L) comparatively to control group | Kuang et al. 2020 | |
| Type 2 diabetes | Carbohydrate | Rich source of bioactive components | 56 g /day / 8 weeks | Significant reduction of serum total cholesterol/HDL-C ratio in women those consumed almond snack compared to those who consumed biscuit snack (− 0.36 mmol/L vs. -0.14 mmol/L) | Bowen et al. 2019 |
| Glucomannan and xanthan | High fiber content | 10 g / biscuit | Reduction of the glycemic index by 74% in healthy participants and by 63% in participants with diabetes | Jenkins et al. 2008 | |
| Post-prandial folate bioavailability | Folic acid | Folate plasma availability | _ | Biscuit and custard have presented comparable folate bioavailability | Buffière et al. 2020 |
| Serum cholesterol reduction efficacy | Plant stanol ester | Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol -(LDL-C-) lowering efficacy | 1 biscuit / day / 2 weeks | Compared to the control, the total cholesterol, LDL-C, and the LDL/HDL ratio had serum reductions of 4.9, 6.1, and 4.3%, respectively | Kriengsinyos et al. 2015 |
| Birth weight and perinatal mortality | groundnut | Reduce the retardation of fetal growth | 2 biscuit (4.3 MJ*2)/day / 20 weeks | Increased weight gain in pregnancy (136 g) over the whole year and significantly increased birth weight (11.1% of babies with low birth weight for the intervention group against (17% for the control group). | Ceesay et al. 1997 |
| Parasitic infections | Multi-Micronutrient | Decreased parasite load and improved cognitive outcomes | 30 g biscuits, 5 days/week / 4 months | Decrease of Ascaris (− 2328 eggs per gram of feces) and Hookworm (− 156 eggs per gram of feces) and improve cognitive outcomes. These values are higher than those of the group consumed placebo (− 1200 for Ascaris and − 144 for Hookworm). | Nga et al. 2011 |
| Gastrointestinal symptoms and autism spectrum disorders | Gluten-free biscuit (GFB) | Reduction of the prevalence of gastrointestinal symptoms and autism spectrum disorders behaviors | Gluten-free diet / 6 weeks | Significant (P < 0.05) decrease of the prevalence of gastrointestinal symptoms after intake of GFB (40.57% vs. 17.10%) against an insignificant increase in the regular diet group (RD) (42.45% vs. 44.05%). GFB also induces a significant decrease in behavioral disorders (80.03 vs. 75.82) against an insignificant increase in the regular diet group (79.92vs. 80.92). | Ghalichi et al. 2016 |
| Prebiotics effect | Partially hydrolysed guar gum and fructo-oligosaccharides | Prebiotic effects | 37.5 g / day / 21 days | Bifidobacterial numbers increased from pretreatment levels of 9. 10 log 10 cells/g faeces and placebo levels of 9. 18 log10 cells/g faeces, to 9. 59 log10 cells/g faeces after ingestion of the experimental biscuits. | Tuohy et al. 2001 |
| Neurocognitive outcomes | Soy protein | Protein dietary supplementation | Biscuits 5 days / week / 18 months | Improvements of nonverbal cognitive (fluid intelligence) performance for children who received soy protein than those who received ASFs. For example, beery visual-motor integration for children who received soy protein is 7.44 and 6.70 for children who received beef. | Loo et al. 2017 |